Bibliography

Contents

Citation formatting is based on the MLA standard. However, there are two annotations to MLA that are practical for this wiki:

Each media credit (image, audio, video, or interactive) carries specific licensing information as required by the source:
- Public Domain.
- Fair Use based on criteria listed in our licensing notes. Copyright status for fair use assets is defined at the original source.
- Specific Creative Commons levels (e.g. CC-BY-3.0, CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0, etc.) where such deviates from the wiki’s CC-BY-SA-4.0 license. Although rare, GNU Free License or similar free licensing schemas are specified at the origin.
- Full copyright (e.g. © 2016 all rights reserved, etc.) for the author’s professional artwork.
- Where no licensing information is specified, the CC-BY-SA-4.0 license covering this wiki prevails.
Access dates are supplied for citations new to this wiki, which went live in August 2023. However, many sources migrating from our prior wiki (2010-2023) suffer link rot. In these instances, the access date is replaced with a message indicating status (e.g. link expired link, domain expired, etc.) and archive URL accessed from Internet Archive Wayback Machine. In such instances, we believe the date of archive creation at Internet archive is more significant than the date of accessing the archive, so this is supplied in lieu of the access date and will look something like the following:
- (link expired, archive 9 November 2016 this.url).

Where no archive is available, this will be noted:

(link expired, no archive available).

New resources replacing non-archived expired citations are sought where possible.

Metapages

Home Page

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “newMediaWikiLogo.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by williamCromar. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
williamCromar. “2dDigitalArtIcon.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/. Illustration by williamCromar. CC-BY-SA-4.0. Transformative collage comprised of images found at:
- Collins, Andrew. “Niiiiiiiiice.” Never Knowingly Underwhelmed, 11 June 2011, wherediditallgorightblog.wordpress.com/category/computers/. Fair Use.
- User JS6525. “Camp Fire.” Photobucket, 2011, media.photobucket.com/image/campfire/goatlipp/CampFire.jpg. Fair Use.
User Aaron1a12~commonswiki. “File:Utah_Teapot_mr_maya.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 23 May 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Utah_Teapot_mr_maya.jpg. CC-BY-3.0.
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso. “From Dunes, F. T. Marinetti, Lacerba, Milan, 1914.” Public Domain. Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon. From:
- Drucker, Johanna. The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923. The University of Chicago Press, 1996. Page image scan found at www.writing.upenn.edu/library/vizpo/advertising/Filippo-Tommaso-Marinetti_from-Dunes_2-pages_1914.jpg.
williamCromar. “mediaPraxisIcon.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. From original artwork by williamCromar and TangenT ArT Collaborative.©2016 all rights reserved.
Elia, Miriam. “We Go to the Gallery, 1a.” Learning with Miriam, 2014, miriamelia.co.uk/books/we-go-to-the-gallery-1a/. Fair Use. Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon. Image from first edition found at:
- Jillian Steinhauer, Jillian. “Penguin Group Targets Artist Over Satirical Art Book.” Hyperallergic, 26 March 2014, hyperallergic.com/116879/penguin-group-targets-artist-over-satirical-art-book/.
EGU-Metall. “File:Laserschmelzschneiden von Edelstahlblech.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 9 October 2013, link ». CC-BY-3.0. Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon.

SideBar

IMAGE CREDITS

“Open Culture Logo.” Open Culture, 2018, www.openculture.com/. Fair use.
“OER Commons Logo.” Open Educational Resources Commons, The Saylor Foundation, 2018, www.oercommons.org/. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
“Free Culture Logo.” Free Culture Wiki, 2018. From freeculture.org/Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
williamCromar. “NewMediaWikiLogo.png.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
williamCromar. “2dDigitalArtLogo.png.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0. Transformative collage comprised of images found at:
- Collins, Andrew. “Niiiiiiiiice.” Never Knowingly Underwhelmed, 11 June 2011, wherediditallgorightblog.wordpress.com/category/computers/. Fair Use.
- User JS6525. “Camp Fire.” Photobucket, 2011, media.photobucket.com/image/campfire/goatlipp/CampFire.jpg. Fair Use.
User Aaron1a12~commonswiki. “File:Utah_Teapot_mr_maya.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 23 May 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Utah_Teapot_mr_maya.jpg. CC-BY-3.0.
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso. “From Dunes, F. T. Marinetti, Lacerba, Milan, 1914.” Public Domain. Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon. From:
- Drucker, Johanna. The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923. The University of Chicago Press, 1996. Page image scan found at www.writing.upenn.edu/library/vizpo/advertising/Filippo-Tommaso-Marinetti_from-Dunes_2-pages_1914.jpg.
williamCromar. “mediaPraxisIcon.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. From original artwork by williamCromar and TangenT ArT Collaborative.©2016 all rights reserved.
Elia, Miriam. “We Go to the Gallery, 1a.” Learning with Miriam, 2014, miriamelia.co.uk/books/we-go-to-the-gallery-1a/. Fair Use. Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon. Image from first edition found at:
- Jillian Steinhauer, Jillian. “Penguin Group Targets Artist Over Satirical Art Book.” Hyperallergic, 26 March 2014, hyperallergic.com/116879/penguin-group-targets-artist-over-satirical-art-book/.
EGU-Metall. “File:Laserschmelzschneiden von Edelstahlblech.jpg.”Wikimedia Commons, 9 October 2013, link ». CC-BY-3.0.Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon.
“CC-BY-SA Logo.” Creative Commons, 2018, creativecommons.org/about/downloads/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.

Licensing + Citation

IMAGE CREDITS

“CC-BY-SA Logo.” Creative Commons, 2018, https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“CC-BY-NC Logo.” Creative Commons, 2018, https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“CC-BY-NC_SA Logo.” Creative Commons, 2018, https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Óðinn.”File:Fair_use_logo.svg.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 October 2008, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fair_use_logo.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
“Public Domain Logo.” Creative Commons, 2018, https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.

In the cloud

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. All illustrations. NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. williamCromar, 2018, www.williamcromar.com/.
williamCromar. williamCromar Faculty Site, 2015, www.personal.psu.edu/wrc11/.
williamCromar. Flickr Photostream, 2009, www.flickr.com/photos/williamcromar/.
williamCromar. YouTube Channel, 2009, www.youtube.com/user/williamcromar.
williamCromar. New Media Abington Blog, 2009, newmediaabington.wordpress.com/.
williamCromar. Facebook Page, 2017, www.facebook.com/williamcromarartist.
williamCromar. LinkedIn Profile, 2013, www.linkedin.com/in/williamcromar.
williamCromar. Twitter Feed, 2013, twitter.com/williamcromar.
williamCromar. InLiquid Member Page, 2003, www.inliquid.com/.
williamCromar. newMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Hakes, Tyler. “Control What Shows Up When Someone Googles Your Name: Step-By-Step Guide to Personal SEO for Students.” College Raptor, 23 October 2017, www.collegeraptor.com/find-colleges/articles/tips-tools-advice/student-guide-to-cleaning-up-your-google-search-results/.
Zetlen, James. Sorry Everybody, 2004, www.sorryeverybody.com/gallery/1/.
Lambert, Steve. AntiAdvertisingAgency, 2010, antiadvertisingagency.com/.
Collins, Bryan. The Journal of Urban Typography, 2014, tjout.tumblr.com/.
Sites at PSU, 2018, sites.psu.edu/.
“Get the Most from WordPress.com.” WordPress.com, 2018, learn.wordpress.com/.
williamCromar. New Media Sample Blog, 2011, newmediasampleblog.wordpress.com/.
“Galleries and Slideshows.” WordPress.com, 2012, en.support.wordpress.com/gallery/.
“PASS.” PSU IT Knowledge Base, 2014, kb.its.psu.edu/pass.
“PSU Personal Web Server.” PSU personal.psu.edu, 2018, www.personal.psu.edu/.
“PSU PASS Information.” PSU work.psu.edu, 2008, www.work.psu.edu/apps/work/work.php
PSU Webfiles, 2018, webfiles.psu.edu/
williamCromar. Example website, 2018, www.personal.psu.edu/wrc11/templatedVisualize/.
TEMPLATED, 2018, templated.co/.
“Visualize.” TEMPLATED, 2018, templated.co/visualize.
Flickr, 2018, www.flickr.com/.
Imgur, 2018, imgur.com/.
YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/.
Vimeo, 2018, vimeo.com/.
SoundCloud, 2018, soundcloud.com/.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Freesound, 2018, freesound.org/.
Facebook, 2018, www.facebook.com/.
Instagram, 2018, www.instagram.com/.
Twitter, 2018, twitter.com/.
LinkedIn, 2018, www.linkedin.com/.
ello, 2018, ello.co/.
“Create a Page.” Facebook, 2018, www.facebook.com/pages/creation/.
Fernanado, Hiranya. “A Step-By-Step Guide To Getting A Job Through LinkedIn.” Business Insider, 26 March 2014, www.businessinsider.com/getting-a-job-through-linkedin-2014-3.
Box, 2018, www.box.com/home.
Dropbox, 2018, www.dropbox.com/.
Google Drive, 2018, www.google.com/drive/.
MEGA, 2018, mega.nz/.
PSU Box, 2018, box.psu.edu/.
Squarespace, 2018, www.squarespace.com/.
Wix, 2018, www.wix.com/.
Weebly, 2018, www.weebly.com/.

2D Digital Art

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “2dDigitalArtLogo.png.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0. Transformative collage comprised of images found at:
- Collins, Andrew. “Niiiiiiiiice.” Never Knowingly Underwhelmed, 11 June 2011, wherediditallgorightblog.wordpress.com/category/computers/. Fair Use.
- User JS6525. “Camp Fire.” Photobucket, 2011, media.photobucket.com/image/campfire/goatlipp/CampFire.jpg. Fair Use.
Duchamp, Marcel. “L.H.O.O.Q.” aiwaz.net, 2 December 2009, www.aiwaz.net/panopticon/L.H.O.O.Q.,-readymade/gi1597c234. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Student Type Drawing.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.
Samten, Venerable Losang. “Kalachakra Mandala.” PhotoEditor61, 2013, photoeditor61.wordpress.com/2013/07/12/palace-of-sand/. Manipulated by author to create background transparency. Fair use.
williamCromar. “redux, or, with my tongue in someone else’s cheek.” Digital image by author, © 2010. From a high-resolution scan of:
- DaVinci, Leonardo. “Mona Lisa.” Manchester District Library, 2010, www.manchester.lib.mi.us/images/Mona_Lisa.jpg (expired domain, archive link »). Public domain.
Warhol, Andy. “Marilyn.” CEGEP du Vieux Montreal, 2010, link » (expired link, no archive). Fair use.
Duchamp, Marcel. “Boîte-en-valise.” Tout-Fait, December 1999, www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_1/Articles/zoom1.HTM. Manipulated by author for background transparency. Fair use.

Readymade

IMAGE CREDITS

NASA. “File:Human computers – Dryden.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 22 June 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_computers_-_Dryden.jpg. Public domain.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. “Graphic Design: The New Basics Cover.” Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, www.gdbasics.com/home.html. Fair use.
“CC Logo.” Creative Commons, 2018, creativecommons.org/about/downloads/. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Cropped by author to create “In the Cloud” icon.
Schiele, Egon. “The Poet.” Found as image “File:Egon Schiele 009.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 21 May 2005, link ». Public domain.
“File: Keynote-icns.png.” Wikipedia, 2014, fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Keynote-icns.png. Fair use.
Stieglitz, Alfred. “The Exhibit Refused by the Independents.” Found as image “Duchamp Fountaine.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2012, link ». Image cropped to create icon. Public domain.
“Box Logo.” kisspng, 2018, www.kisspng.com/png-box-cloud-computing-cloud-storage-business-organiz-940690/. Fair use.
“Folder Icon.” Free Icons Library, 2018, chittagongit.com/icon/folder-icon-images-4.html. Fair use.
“Illustrator CC Icon.” Wikimedia Commons, 2 February 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Illustrator_CC_icon.svg. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“Preview Icon.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2016, ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Previewicon.png. Fair use.
“Quicktime Icon.” Fandom, 12 December 2016, logos.wikia.com/wiki/File:QuickTimePlayerMacOS.png. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, www.gdbasics.com/home.html.
Packer, Randall. Zakros InterArts, 2009, www.zakros.com/.

BOOK SOURCES

Schwartz, Artur. The Complete Work of Marcel Duchamp. London: Thames & Hudson, 1969.

Metaphor

IMAGE CREDITS

NASA. “File:Human computers – Dryden.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 22 June 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_computers_-_Dryden.jpg. Public domain.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_1_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Fair Use

IMAGE CREDITS

Screencapture by author of Hung, Kenneth Tin Kin. #SHITWARS- THE SHIT AWAKENS. 2016, www.tinkin.com/shitwars/. Fair use.
Warhol, Andy. “Campbell’s Soup Cans.” WikiArt, 28 November 2017, www.wikiart.org/en/andy-warhol/campbells-soup-cans-1962. Fair use.
Stieglitz, Alfred. “The Exhibit Refused by the Independents.” Found as image “Duchamp Fountaine.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2012, link ». Image cropped to create icon. Public domain.
Shaddim. “File:Creative commons license spectrum.svg.” Wikimedia Commons, 29 February 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Creative_commons_license_spectrum.svg. CC-BY-4.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_2_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

“Copyright & Fair Use.” Stanford University Libraries, 2018, fairuse.stanford.edu/.
“Fair Use, Free Speech & Intellectual Property.” Center for Media & Social Impact, 2018, cmsimpact.org/program/fair-use/.
Hung, Kenneth Tin-kin. “#SHIT WARS-THE SHIT AWAKENS.” Kenneth Tin-Kin Hung, 2016, www.tinkin.com/shitwars/.
Creative Commons, 2018, creativecommons.org/.
Lessig, Lawrence. Lessig, 2015, lessig.org/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_2_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

In the Cloud

IMAGE CREDITS

“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Cropped by author to create “In the Cloud” icon.

WEB SOURCES

Levkina, Maria. “Why the 3-2-1 backup rule STILL makes sense.” IT Pro Today, 26 January 2015, www.itprotoday.com/cloud-data-center/why-3-2-1-backup-rule-still-makes-sense.
Zetlen, James. Sorry Everybody, 2004, www.sorryeverybody.com/gallery/1/.
Lambert, Steve. AntiAdvertisingAgency, 2010, antiadvertisingagency.com/.
Collins, Bryan. The Journal of Urban Typography, 2014, tjout.tumblr.com/.
“Get the Most from WordPress.com.” WordPress.com, 2018, learn.wordpress.com/.
“Galleries and Slideshows.” WordPress.com, 2012, en.support.wordpress.com/gallery/.
YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/.
Vimeo, 2018, vimeo.com/.
Flickr, 2018, www.flickr.com/.

Creating a Dynamic Composition

IMAGE CREDITS

Schiele, Egon. “The Poet.” Found as image “File:Egon Schiele 009.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 21 May 2005, link ». Public domain.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_1_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_1_CS6.

Slideware

IMAGE CREDITS

“File: Keynote-icns.png.” Wikipedia, 2014, fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Keynote-icns.png. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Tufte, Edward. “PowerPoint is Evil.” Wired, 1 September 2003, www.wired.com/2003/09/ppt2/.
Byrne, David. “Learning to Love PowerPoint.” Wired, 1 September 2003, www.wired.com/2003/09/ppt1/.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Keynote 6 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/iWork-tutorials/Keynote-6-Essential-Training/157029-2.html

rDNA

IMAGE CREDITS

“DNA Replication GIF.” Giphy, 24 February 2014, giphy.com/gifs/dna-replication-14upjqv6ciRWpi. Fair use. Image cropped by author to format illustration.
Duchamp, Marcel. “L.H.O.O.Q.” aiwaz.net, 2 December 2009, www.aiwaz.net/panopticon/L.H.O.O.Q.,-readymade/gi1597c234. Fair use. Image cropped by author to format illustration.
Stieglitz, Alfred. “The Exhibit Refused by the Independents.” Found as image “Duchamp Fountaine.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2012, link ». Public domain. Image cropped by author to format illustration. Public domain.

VIDEO SOURCES

williamCromar. “wargame.” YouTube, 1 August 2015, youtu.be/AsqJKFR9pK8. CC-BY-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

Biotechnology Industry Organization. “Cloning Genes” excerpted from BIO. “What is Biotechnology?” Science Gateway, 2018, www.sciencegateway.org/resources/biologytext/rdna/cloning.html.
Packer, Randall. “Reportage from the aesthetic edge.” Zakros Interarts Blog, 2018, www.randallpacker.com/.
Stafford, Andrew. Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp, 2008, www.understandingduchamp.com/.
“How to Deconstruct a Text.” WikiHow, 2018, www.wikihow.com/Deconstruct-a-Text.
Mind Map Art, 2018, www.mindmapart.com/.
“MLA Quick Citation Guide.” PSU University Libraries, 2017, guides.libraries.psu.edu/mlacitation.
FindSounds, 2018, www.findsounds.com/.
WFMU. Free Music Archive, 2018, freemusicarchive.org/.
YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/.
Vimeo, 2018, vimeo.com/.
“List of video hosting services.” Wikipedia, May 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_hosting_services.
Griffith, Eric. “How to Download YouTube Videos.” PCMag, 20 August 2018, www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2476563,00.asp.
“Free Media Library.” PSU Media Commons, 2018, mediacommons.psu.edu/free-media-library/.
“U Can’t Touch This.” Wikipedia, 6 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Can%27t_Touch_This.
Canfi, Netta. “What is a Storyboard?” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/what-is-a-storyboard.html.

Thirteen Ways

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Student Type Drawing.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.
“Wallace Stevens portrait.” Genius, 2018, genius.com/Wallace-stevens-the-snow-man-annotated. Fair use. Cropped by the author to create icon.
“Nocube.svg.” Wikimedia Commons, 27 December 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nocube.svg. Public domain.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Asymmetrical focal point.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_3_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Cropped by author to create icon.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Grid systems.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_4_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Cropped by author to create icon.
PseudoDragon. “Figure Ground with Adobe Illustrator illustration.” Vector Art Blog, 23 June 2008, (expired domain, archive 29 October 2014 web.archive.org/web/20141029185356/http://vector-art.blogspot.com/2008/06/figure-ground-with-adobe-illustrator_7993.html). Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Student Blackbird Drawing.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.
“Box Logo.” kisspng, 2018, www.kisspng.com/png-box-cloud-computing-cloud-storage-business-organiz-940690/. Fair use.
“Folder Icon.” Free Icons Library, 2018, chittagongit.com/icon/folder-icon-images-4.html. Fair use.
“Illustrator CC Icon.” Wikimedia Commons, 2 February 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Illustrator_CC_icon.svg. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“Preview Icon.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2016, ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Previewicon.png. Fair use.
“PDF icon.” LinuxVoice, 14 December 2016, www.linuxvoice.com/download-linux-voice-issue-24/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, www.gdbasics.com/home.html.

Of Looking At

IMAGE CREDITS

Picasso, Pablo. “The Poet.” 1911. Image found at Wikipedia, 4 May 2013, link ». Public domain.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Mecano No. 4/5.” 1924. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 28 September 2012, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theo_van_Doesburg_229a.jpg. Public domain.
Huszár, Vilmos. “De Stijl cover art.” 1917. Image found at Monoskop, 25 December 2013, monoskop.org/File:De_Stijl_1-1.jpg. Public domain. Image color balance modifed by author to eliminate green color cast.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Composition (The Cow).” 1917. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/85585?artist_id=6076&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist. Public domain.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Study for Composition (The Cow).” 1917. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/33340?artist_id=6076&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist.Public domain.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Composition (The Cow).” 1917. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/85590?artist_id=6076&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist.Public domain.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Composition (The Cow).” 1917. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/35396?artist_id=6076&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist.Public domain.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Composition VIII (The Cow).” 1918. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/79189?artist_id=6076&locale=en&page=1&sov_referrer=artist. Public domain.
“Black and White Breed of Cattle.” Fermer-Expert.ru, 25 May 2012, fermer-expert.ru/cherno-pestraya-poroda-krs/. Fair use. Image cropped by author to conform to format of van Doesburg artworks.

AUDIO CREDITS

Forshaw, David. “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” 1996. Sound clip found at AllMusic, 2018, www.allmusic.com/album/thirteen-ways-of-looking-at-a-blackbird-music-for-recorder-string-quartet-mw0001831766. Fair use.
Hopkins, John. “13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” YouTube, 13 February 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGfMJGYzXc.

WEB SOURCES

Stevens, Wallace. “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” 1917. The Academy of American Poets, 23 December 2009, www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/thirteen-ways-looking-blackbird.
Cotter, Holland. “ART REVIEW; The Umbilical Kinship of Painters and Poets.” The New York Times, 24 March 1995, www.nytimes.com/1995/03/24/books/art-review-the-umbilical-kinship-of-painters-and-poets.html.
Jirousek, Charlotte. “De Stijl.” Art, Design, and Visual Thinking, 1995, char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/destijl/decstijl.htm.
“Union List of Artist Names Online Full Record Display.” Getty Research, 2004, www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500007926.
Crawford, Holly. “13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” Holly Crawford Art Poetry, 2012, art-poetry.info/?p=240.
Hackett, Regina. “Wallace Stevens/Michael Spafford – 13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” Another Bouncing Ball, 24 April 2009, www.artsjournal.com/anotherbb/2009/04/wallace_stevensmichael_spaffor.html.
Colbert, Joan. “The Thirteen Ways Series.” JoanColbert.com, 2012, www.joancolbert.com/gallery/prints/thirteenways/index.htm.
Rock, Joellyn. “Kevin McHale Blackbird.” Joellyn Rock, 30 June 2015, joellynrock.com/kevinmchale_blackbird/.
Picot, Edward. “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” Edward Picot: Personal Website, 2007, www.edwardpicot.com/thirteenways/.
Yorty, Don. “13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird by Wallace Stevens with drawings and Spanish translation by Francisco Toledo.” Don Yorty Explorations, 18 April 2015, donyorty.com/blog/2015/04/18/13-ways-of-looking-at-a-blackbird-by-wallace-stevens-with-drawings-and-spanish-translation-by-francisco-toledo/.
Steil, John. “13 Ways of Looking.” John Steil, 2018, www.johnsteil.com/id3.html.
Newbery, Sheila. “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird, no. 9.” I/Eye: On Photography, 18 August 2012, sheilanewbery.wordpress.com/tag/blackbirds/.
Amity, Elana. “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird, I.” Elana Amity, 2016, elanaamity.com/portfolio/thirteen-ways-of-looking-at-a-blackbird-i/.
Arias, Daniela. “thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird.” Daniela Arias, 2018, daniarias.com/mirlo/.
Chung, Valentina. “Wallace Stevens Poetry Book.” SVA NYC, 2018, portfolios.sva.edu/gallery/7848959/Wallace-Stevens-Poetry-Book.

BOOK SOURCES

Buttel, Robert. Wallace Stevens: The Making of Harmonium. Princeton University Press, 2015.

Gestalt Theory

IMAGE CREDITS

Fibonacci. “Cafe Wall Illusion.” Wikimedia Commons, 15 March 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_wall.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
“Subtle Emergences.” ResearchGate, September 2015, www.researchgate.net/figure/The-dog-picture-is-a-popular-example-of-emergence-from-the-field-of-gestalt-psychology_fig1_283090791. Public domain.
“Reification.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reification.jpg. Public domain. Image modified by author to delete letters.
“Multistability.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 June 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multistability.svg. Public domain. Image modified by author to move figures closer together.
“Invariance.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Invariance.jpg. Public domain. Image modified by author to delete letters.
“Gestalt similarity.” Wikimedia Commons, 29 April 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gestalt_similarity.svg. Public domain. Circle/square group added by author.
“Gestalt closure.” Wikimedia Commons, 29 April 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gestalt_closure.svg. Public domain. Image modified by author to delete rectangle.
“Nocube.svg.” Wikimedia Commons, 27 December 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nocube.svg. Public domain.
World Wide Fund for Nature. “WWF logo.” Wikipedia, 17 April 2008, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWF_logo.svg. Fair use. Image modified by author to include figure only.
Federal Express. “FedEx logo.” Wikimedia Commons, 2 January 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FedEx_Express.svg. Fair use. Image modified by author to remove “Express” text.
IBM. “IBM logo.” pngimg.com, 2018, pngimg.com/imgs/logos/ibm/. Fair use.
International Olympic Committee. “Olympic Rings.” 4vector, 2018, 4vector.com/free-vector/olympic-rings-black-clip-art-111186. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Gestalt Principles.” Interaction Design Foundation, 2018, www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/gestalt-principles.
Todorovic, Dejan. “Gestalt Principles.” Scholarpedia, 2008, www.scholarpedia.org/article/Gestalt_principles.

Gestalt Praxis

IMAGE CREDITS

da Vinci, Leonardo. “Vitruvian Man.” ca 1492. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 13 September 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg. Public domain.
Adalpertus. “Portrait of the Abbot Ramwoldus, from Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram.” ca 1000 CE. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 18 May 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adalpertus_001.jpg. Public domain.
“Asana of the week: tree position, classic variant.” Joga-Joga.pl, 9 September 2015, www.joga-joga.pl/pl96/teksty2083/vrksasana_pozycja_drzewa_video. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_3_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Grid Systems

IMAGE CREDITS

Henshilwood, Chris. “Blombos Cave engraved ochre.” Wikimedia Commons, 4 June 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blombos_Cave_engrave_ochre_1.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
van Doesburg, Theo. “Counter Composition IV.” 1924. Image found at WikiArt, 1 August 2012, www.wikiart.org/en/theo-van-doesburg/counter-composition-iv-1924/. Public domain.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_4_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Diesel, Chank. “Free Fonts.” Chank Fonts!, 2018, chank.com/freefonts.php.

BOOK SOURCES

Lupton, Ellen, and J. Abbott. Miller. The ABCs of Triangle, Square, Circle: the Bauhaus and Design Theory. Thames and Hudson, 1993. Link at Google Books »
Campbell, Joseph. The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology. New York: Arkana, 1991.

Drawing with Type

IMAGE CREDITS

“Fascinating Chinese Characters.” About.com, 2009, (expired domain, archive 28 Feb 2008 link »). Public domain.
ALL IMAGES AT Figure-Ground manipulation with Pathfinder: PseudoDragon. “Figure Ground with Adobe Illustrator illustration.” Vector Art Blog, 23 June 2008, (expired domain, archive 29 October 2014 web.archive.org/web/20141029185356/http://vector-art.blogspot.com/2008/06/figure-ground-with-adobe-illustrator_7993.html). Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

PseudoDragon. “Figure Ground with Adobe Illustrator illustration.” Vector Art Blog, 23 June 2008, (expired domain, archive 29 October 2014 web.archive.org/web/20141029185356/http://vector-art.blogspot.com/2008/06/figure-ground-with-adobe-illustrator_7993.html.
Lupton, Ellen. Thinking with Type, 2009, thinkingwithtype.com/.

A Blackbird Project

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Student Blackbird Drawing.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.

WEB SOURCES

Kleinman, Alexis. “Vincent Connare, Inventor Of ‘The Most Hated Font,’ Defends Himself.” The Huffington Post, 6 December 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/vincent-connare_n_3837441.html.
“Avatar is Papyrus?” Papyrus Watch!, 22 August 2009, www.papyruswatch.com/2009/08/avatar-really.html.

Mandala

IMAGE CREDITS

Samten, Venerable Losang. “Kalachakra Mandala.” PhotoEditor61, 2013, photoeditor61.wordpress.com/2013/07/12/palace-of-sand/. Manipulated by author to create background transparency. Fair use.
Blake, William. “Ancient of Days.” 1794. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_ancient_of_days.jpg. Public domain. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. “Graphic Design: The New Basics Cover.” Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, www.gdbasics.com/home.html. Fair use.
“One Million Colors.” Wikimedia Commons, 25 September 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1Mcolors.png. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Mandala Structure Grid.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author.
Klee, Paul. “Line on a walk.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use. Line illustrations extracted and reformatted by author to create one image.
williamCromar. “Albers-inspired square.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Created by author using the tablet application Colors By Number, colorsbynumber.com/. From an older version of the application incorporating an Albers-inspired square template which has since been discontinued. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Mandala.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author, cropped to create icon.
“Box Logo.” kisspng, 2018, www.kisspng.com/png-box-cloud-computing-cloud-storage-business-organiz-940690/. Fair use.
“Folder Icon.” Free Icons Library, 2018, chittagongit.com/icon/folder-icon-images-4.html. Fair use.
“Illustrator CC Icon.” Wikimedia Commons, 2 February 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Illustrator_CC_icon.svg. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“Preview Icon.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2016, ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Previewicon.png. Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

Bugaj, Tom. “5 Dhyani Buddhas.” Vimeo, December 2009, vimeo.com/8903678. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, www.gdbasics.com/home.html.

Geometry, Color, Meaning

IMAGE CREDITS

Blake, William. “Ancient of Days.” 1794. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_ancient_of_days.jpg. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Rule-of-three grid in a vertical format.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author.
da Vinci, Leonardo. “Vitruvian Man.” ca 1492. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 13 September 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Polygon constructions.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author.
Cezanne, Paul. “La vase paillé.” ca 1895. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 7 May 2005, link ». Public domain.
williamCromar. “Color applied to geometric construction.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author.
Klee, Paul. “Senecio (Head of a Man).” 1922. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 12 July 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Senecio2.JPG. Public domain.
Albers, Josef. “Homage to the Square.” 1965. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 12 August 2018, link ». Fair use: Note: As of August 2018 file designation as public domain at Wikimedia Commons is under dispute. File should be designated as having copyright.
Kandinsky, Wassily. “Composition 8.” 1923. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 13 December 2014, link ». Public domain.
Arcimboldo, Guiseppe. “Water.” ca 1566-70. Image found at Smithsonian.com, January 2011, www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/arcimboldos-feast-for-the-eyes-74732989/. Public domain.
Isidore, of Seville, Saint. “Isidori iunioris Hispalensis Episcopi prologus in librum De responsione mundi & astrorum ordinatione.” 1472. Image found at Internet Archive, 5 March 2017, archive.org/details/isidoriiuniorish00isid. Public domain. Screen-capture and image background cleanup by author.
“Five Elements Cycle Balance Imbalance.” Wikimedia Commons, 12 May 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FiveElementsCycleBalanceImbalance_02_plain.svg. CC-O-1.0.
“Agni, God of Fire.” ca 1000. Image found at The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2018, www.clevelandart.org/art/1955.51. Public domain.
Brueghel the Elder, Jan and van Balen, H. “Abundance and the Four Elements.” ca 1615. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 27 June 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_(I)_and_Hendrick_van_Balen_-_Abundance_and_the_Four_Elements.jpg. Public domain.
von Stolcenberg, D. Stolcius. “Four elements in Viridarium chymicum.” 1624. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 16 August 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Four_elements_in_Viridarium_chymicum.jpg. Public domain.

WEB SOURCES

Emmons, Paul, et. al. “Marco Frascari Publications.” Dreamhouse Architecture, 2018, www.marcofrascaridreamhouse.com/publications-c1n0d.
“Divination” redirected from “Mantic.” Wikipedia, 26 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination.
“Structure.” Wikipedia, 30 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure.
“Physical body.” Wikipedia, 28 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_body.
Rothko, Mark, and Gottlieb, Adolph. “A Letter from Mark Rothko and Adolph Gottlieb to the Art Editor of the New York Times.” 7 June 1943. Found at Sieger, William. Art Department, Northeastern Illinois University, 2018, homepages.neiu.edu/~wbsieger/Art201/201Read/201-Rothko.pdf.
Aristotle. “Physics.” ca 350 BCE. Found at Stevenson, Daniel. The Internet Classics Archive, 2009, classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.html.
Bartlett, Jennifer. “The Elements: Air, Water, Fire, Earth.” 1992. Image found at a world history of art, 2018, www.all-art.org/DICTIONARY_of_Art/b/bartlett2.htm.
Gardner, Steve. “The Four Elements.” Steven Gardner, 2018, gardnerart.com/?mtheme_portfolio=the-four-elements.
dgarzelloni. “Omnia ab Uno.” Photobucket, 2018, link ».
Ryden, Mark. “Allegory of the Four Elements.” Mark Ryden, 2006, www.markryden.com/paintings/treeshow/index.html.
Tilson, Joe. “Four Elements.” 1972. Image found at RoGallery, 2018, rogallery.com/Tilson/Tilson_Joe-Four_Elements.html.
Baggelboy. “Elements Fire Linocut.” Baggelboy Illustrated Things, 2014, baggelboy.wordpress.com/linocuts/linocut-prints/016-elements-fire-linocut-by-baggelboy/.
Hirst, Damien. “The Four Elements – (Who’s afraid of Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue).” 2005. Found at Art Knowledge News, 30 May 2008, artknowledgenews.com/200805305315/Arken_Museum.html.
“Ellsworth Kelly.” Wikipedia, 27 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly.
Godman, Lloyd. “Fire, from series Body Symbols.” 1986-88. Found at Lloyd Godman, 2018, www.lloydgodman.net/symbols/Gallery/Gallery2.htm.
Zulu, Sandile. “Brownprint 14 (3 Modules).” 2008. Found at David Krut Projects, 2018, davidkrutprojects.com/artworks/brownprint-14-3-modules.
Arnold, Carol. “Stained Glass Windows.” Carol Arnold Stained Glass, 2018, www.carolarnold.co.uk/showdoc.asp@docid=26977176&catid=6.htm
Copper Art Design. “Fire Air Earth Water.” Etsy, 2014, ny-image2.etsy.com/il_fullxfull.124074454.jpg (link expired, no archive available).

BOOK SOURCES

Joyce, James, et al. The Restored Finnegans Wake. Penguin Classics, 2012. There is also an online reference at www.finwake.com/1024chapter22/1024fwtekst22.htm#296.
Kepes, Gyorgy. Language of Vision. Chicago: Paul Theobald, Dover edition reprint, 1995.
Kandinsky, Wassily. Point and Line to Plane. Dover edition, 1979.
Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973.
Albers, Josef. Interaction of Color. Yale University Press, 2009.

Digital Color

IMAGE CREDITS

“One Million Colors.” Wikimedia Commons, 25 September 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1Mcolors.png. Public domain.
Spigget. “Dispersive Prism Illustration.” Wikimedia Commons, 15 January 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dispersive_Prism_Illustration_by_Spigget.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
“Light dispersion conceptual waves animation.” Wikimedia Commons, 24 December 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif. Public domain.
Maulucioni. “Rueda de colores.” Wikimedia Commons, 1 September 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rueda_de_colores.png. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Pipatron. “RGB illumination.” Wikimedia Commons, 6 November 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_illumination.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Dicklyon. “Color Subtractive Mixing Cropped.” Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Color-subtractive-mixing-cropped.png. CC-BY-2.5.
Datumizer. “HSV Color Solid Cylinder.” Wikimedia Commons, 28 December 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HSV_color_solid_cylinder.png. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Datumizer. “HSL-HSV Models B.” Wikimedia Commons, 9 June 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image cropped by author to include only the HSV circumference, plan, and section.
Albers, Josef. “Homage to the square: On an early sky.” 1964. Image found at National Gallery of Australia, 2018, artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=32424&PICTAUS=True?. Fair use.
Whistler, James. “Nocturne, Blue and Silver – Cremorne Lights.” 1872. Image found at Art Stack, 2018, theartstack.com/artist/james-abbott-mcneill-whistler/nocturne-blue-and-silve-7. Public domain.
Cezanne, Paul. “Houses in Provence.” 1883. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 October 2012, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_-_Houses_in_Provence-_The_Riaux_Valley_near_L%27Estaque_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg. Public domain.
Matisse, Henri. “La Danse (1).” 1909. Image found at Wikipedia, 14 April 2010, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_danse_(I)_by_Matisse.jpg. Public domain.
van Gogh, Vincent. “Self-Portrait with Grey Felt Hat.” 1887. Image found at Van Gogh Museum, 2018, www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0016V1962?v=1. Public domain. Image cropped by author to focus on face texture.
Goings, Ralph. “Five Spot Still Life.” 1990. Image found at ArtNet, 2018, www.artnet.com/artists/ralph-goings/five-spot-still-life-NwQJpV0SrilCWdIDDmHdeQ2. Fair use.
Riley, Bridget. “Cataract 3.” 1967. Image found at Op-art.co.uk, 2012, www.op-art.co.uk/op-art-gallery/bridget-riley/cataract-3. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Color.” Wikipedia, 28 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color.
“Opticks.” Wikipedia, 17 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticks.
“Color model.” Wikipedia, 15 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_model.
“Hue.” Wikipedia, 25 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue.
“International Commission on Illumination.” Wikipedia, 11 April 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination.
“Red.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red.
“Green.” Wikipedia, 23 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green.
“Blue.” Wikipedia, 2 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue.
“Yellow.” Wikipedia, 3 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow.
“Primary color: Psychological primaries.” Wikipedia, 4 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color#Psychological_primaries.
“Unique hues.” Wikipedia, 6 March 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_hues.
“Colorfulness: Saturation.” Wikipedia, 16 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation.
“Lightness.” Wikipedia, 2 May 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightness.
“Grayscale.” Wikipedia, 17 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale.
“RYB color model.” Wikipedia, 15 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYB_color_model.
“Primary color.” Wikipedia, 4 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color.
“Trichromacy.” Wikipedia, 29 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromacy.
“Gamut.” Wikipedia, 31 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut.
“Additive color.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_color.
“RGB color model.” Wikipedia, 23 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model.
“Subtractive color.” Wikipedia, 23 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractive_color.
“CMYK color model.” Wikipedia, 26 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model.
“Web colors.” Wikipedia, 29 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors.
“Complementary colors.” Wikipedia, 19 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_colors.
“RGB color space.” Wikipedia, 8 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_space.
“HSL and HSV.” Wikipedia, 1 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV.
Briggs, David. The Dimensions of Color, 2015, www.huevaluechroma.com/.
“Color theory: Warm vs. cool colors.” Wikipedia, 2 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_theory#Warm_vs._cool_colors.

Euclid

IMAGE CREDITS

da Vinci, Leonardo. “Two Types of Adjustable Opening Compass.” 1493. Image found at Universal Leonardo, 2018, www.universalleonardo.org/index.php (link to image expired, no archive available). Public domain.
Attributed to Floris, School of Frans. “Les Mesures.” ca late 16th c. Image found at Museum of the History of Science, 2018, www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/measurer/text/measures.htm. Public domain.
“Perpendicular bisector animation.” Wikimedia Commons, 4 April 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perpendicular_bisector.gif. Public domain.
Aldoaldoz. “Skewed Square Inscribed in a Circle animation.” Wikimedia Commons, 18 February 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skewed_Square_Inscribed_in_a_Circle.gif. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Aldoaldoz. “Regular Hexagon Inscribed in a Circle animation.” Wikimedia Commons, 20 February 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Regular_Hexagon_Inscribed_in_a_Circle.gif. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO SOURCES

Khan, Sal. “Geometric constructions: perpendicular bisector.” Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/hs-geo-congruence/hs-geo-bisectors/v/constructing-a-perpendicular-bisector-using-a-compass-and-straightedge.
Khan, Sal. “Geometric constructions: circle tangent.” Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/hs-geo-circles/hs-geo-constructing-tangents/v/constructing-a-tangent-line-using-compass-and-straightedge.
Khan, Sal. “Geometric constructions: circle-inscribed square.” Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/hs-geo-circles/hs-geo-inscribed-polygons/v/constructing-square-inscribed-in-circle.
Khan, Sal. “Geometric constructions: circle-inscribed regular hexagon.” Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/hs-geo-circles/hs-geo-inscribed-polygons/v/constructing-regular-hexagon-inscribed-in-circle.

WEB SOURCES

Page, John. “Introduction to constructions.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/constructions.html.
Page, John. “Perpendicular bisector of a line segment.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/constbisectline.html.
Page, John. “Constructing the perpendicular bisector of a line segment.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/printbisectline.html.
Page, John. “Tangent to a circle at a point.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/consttangent.html.
Page, John. “Constructing the tangent at a point on a circle.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/printtangent.html.
Page, John. “Square inscribed in a circle.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/constinsquare.html.
Page, John. “Constructing a square inscribed in a circle.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/printinsquare.html.
Page, John. “Hexagon inscribed in a circle.”Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/constinhexagon.html.
Page, John. “Constructing a hexagon inscribed in a circle.” Math Open Reference, 2011, www.mathopenref.com/printinhexagon.html.
Bender2k14. “Regular Polygon Constructions.” Wikipedia, 28 April 2011, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bender2k14/Regular_Polygon_Constructions.

Line Art and Flat Graphics

IMAGE CREDITS

Harper’s Bazar. “The proper length for little girls’ skirts at various ages.” 1868. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 April 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1868-skirt-lengths-girl-ages-Harpers-Bazar.gif. Public domain.
Bernhard, Lucien. “Priester Matches Plakatstil Poster.” 1906. Image found at Wikipedia, 3 October 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernhard_Priester_matches.jpg. Fair use.
Fairey, Shepard. “We the People are Greater than Fear.” Amplifier, 2017, amplifier.org/wethepeople/. Fair use.
Klee, Paul. “Line on a walk.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use. Line illustrations extracted and reformatted by author to create one image.
Klee, Paul. “Page layout.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use.
ALL IMAGE UNDER Pen tool and Bezier curves: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Chapter 6 CS6.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_6_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Color Relativity

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Albers-inspired square.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Created by author using the tablet application Colors By Number, colorsbynumber.com/. From an older version of the application incorporating an Albers-inspired square template which has since been discontinued. Fair use.
Itten, Johannes. “Farbkreis.” 1961. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 April 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Farbkreis_Itten_1961.png. Fair use. Claim of public domain status at Wikimedia Commons may not be accurate.
Albers, Josef. “Homage to the square: On an early sky.” 1964. Image found at National Gallery of Australia, 2018, artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=32424&PICTAUS=True?. Fair use.
ALL IMAGE UNDER Hue has value AND Interaction of values: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Chapter 5 CS6.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_5_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Of the Elements

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Harmer, Tony. “Illustrator CC 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 20 October 2017, link ».
Harmer, Tony. “Illustrator CC 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 12 June 2017, link ».

Corpse

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “redux, or, with my tongue in someone else’s cheek.” Digital image by author, © 2010. From a high-resolution scan of:
- DaVinci, Leonardo. “Mona Lisa.” Manchester District Library, 2010, http://www.manchester.lib.mi.us/images/Mona_Lisa.jpg (expired domain, archive link »). Public domain.
Picasso, Pablo. “Nature morte a la chaise cannee.” 1912. Image found at WikiArt, 4 July 2017, www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-picasso/still-life-with-the-caned-chair-1912. Public domain. Image modified by author to create background transparency.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. “Graphic Design: The New Basics Cover.” Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, http://www.gdbasics.com/home.html. Fair use.
“Waving Goodbye.” Wikipedia, 2 September 2008, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waving_goodbye.jpg. Public domain. Image cropped by author to create icon.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Flower image.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=File:Fig08_Ex5_02_CS6.png. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Exquisite corpse.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=File:Fig09_Ex4_finalfile_CS6.png. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Exquisite corpse.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author, cropped to create icon.
“Box Logo.” kisspng, 2018, www.kisspng.com/png-box-cloud-computing-cloud-storage-business-organiz-940690/. Fair use.
“Folder Icon.” Free Icons Library, 2018, chittagongit.com/icon/folder-icon-images-4.html. Fair use.
“Preview Icon.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2016, ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Previewicon.png. Fair use.
“Adobe Photoshop Icon.” Wikimedia Commons, 9 April 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Photoshop_CS6_icon.svg. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, http://www.gdbasics.com/home.html.

Collage in Art

IMAGE CREDITS

Picasso, Pablo. “Nature morte a la chaise cannee.” 1912. Image found at WikiArt, 4 July 2017, www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-picasso/still-life-with-the-caned-chair-1912. Public domain. Image modified by author to create background transparency.
Braque, Georges. “Fruitdish and Glass.” ca 1912. Image found at Wikipedia, 8 November 2005, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braque_fruitdish_glass.jpg. Public domain.
Hoch, Hannah. “Grotesque.” 1963. Image found at The Art Stack, 2018, theartstack.com/artist/hannah-hoch/grotesque. Fair use.
Hausmann, Raoul. “Elasticum.” 1920. Image found at “Raoul Hausmann.” History of Graphic Design, 2018, historygraphicdesign.com/industrial-revolution/genesis-of-twentieth-century-design/427-raoul-hausmann. Public domain.
Breton, Andre; Lamba, Jacqueline; and Tanguy, Yves. “Cadavre exquis (Exquisite Corpse).” 9 February 1938. Image found at National Galleries of Scotland, www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/31332/cadavre-exquis-exquisite-corpse. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Cubism: Synthetic Cubism.” Wikipedia, 18 February 2010, (article sub-headings altered to omit reference to Synthetic Cubism, archive 19 February 2010 link »).
“Georges Braque.” Wikipedia, 28 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque.
“Papier collé.” Wikipedia, 28 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9.
“Hannah Höch.” Wikipedia, 28 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch.
“Raoul Hausmann.” Wikipedia, 18 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann.
Palmer, David. Cut and Paste, 2010, (domain expired, archive 3 September 2011 web.archive.org/web/20110903162251/http://www.cutandpaste.info/).
Exquisite Corpse, 2018, http://www.exquisitecorpse.com/.
Yow!, Burnell. “Digital Exquisite Corpse Project.” Raven’s Wing Studio, 2018, ravenswingstudio.com/galleries/digital-exquisite-corpse-project/.
Crodescu, Andre. “Digital Exquisite Corpse Project.” Exquisite Corpse, 2002, www.corpse.org/archives/issue_7/gallery/yow.htm.
Yow!, Burnell; Walters, David; and Parkes, Larry. “Digital Exquisite Corpse Project.” Raven’s Wing Studio, 2010, (link expired, archived 2018 psu.box.com/s/4qvsc5n6rs2ocawoj28awf2wuudllzur).
New Exquisite Corpse Dot Net, (domain expired, archive 29 February 2014 web.archive.org/web/20140219154849/http://newexquisitecorpse.net/).
Solfrank, Cornelia. Net Art Generator, 2018, net.art-generator.com/.
“X-Corpse for the iPad.” Tumblr, 2018, x-corpse.tumblr.com/.

Scanning and Resolution

IMAGE CREDITS

“Waving Goodbye.” Wikipedia, 2 September 2008, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waving_goodbye.jpg. Public domain. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Atkins, Anna. “Dictyota dichotoma, in the young state; and in fruit.” 1843. Image found at New York Public Library, 2014, digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-4adb-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 and Wikimedia Commons, 11 December 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg. Public domain.
Cormaggio. “Lemons photogram.” Wikimedia Commons, 3 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lemons_photogram.jpg. CC-BY-SA-1.0.
williamCromar. “Image size dialog box.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Hue and saturation dialog box.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
“CDs and lens.” Wikimedia Commons, 4 October 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cds_and_lens.jpg. Public domain.
Warren, Michael. “mescan8.” Flickr, 4 June 2005, www.flickr.com/photos/mikewarren/17375567/in/photolist-2x49K. CC-BY-2.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_7_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
“scanned objects – images using a scanner.” Flickr, 2012, www.flickr.com/groups/scanner/pool/21127825@N06/.
“Like Scanner Art?” Flickr, 2017, www.flickr.com/groups/34999816@N00/pool/.
“scanner.” Flickr, 2017, www.flickr.com/groups/938071@N24/pool/.
Chonko, Jon. Scanwiches, 2017, scanwiches.com/.

Tonal Scale

IMAGE CREDITS

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Flower image.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=File:Fig08_Ex5_02_CS6.png. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore. “View from the Window at Le Gras.” ca 1825-7. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 12 April 2005, link ». Public domain.
Lange, Dorothea. “Migrant Mother.” 1936. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 3 June 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Unsharp mask dialog box.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Hue and saturation dialog box.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_8_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Layering and Collage

IMAGE CREDITS

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Exquisite corpse.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=File:Fig09_Ex4_finalfile_CS6.png. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Bayard, Hippolyte. “Self Portrait as a Drowned Man.” 1840. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 December 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayard,_Hippolyte_1801-1887_-_Selfportrait_as_a_Drowned_man_1840.jpg. Public domain.
Lissitzky, El. “The Constructor.” 1925. Image found at Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=File:2229792336_1e6b1707a0.jpg.
Van der Weyde, Henry. “Richard Mansfield as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.” ca 1887-1900. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 8 May 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Mansfield_Jekyll.png. Public domain.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_9_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Exquisite Corpse Digital Round Robin

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Exquisite corpse.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author, cropped to create icon.
“Box Logo.” kisspng, 2018, www.kisspng.com/png-box-cloud-computing-cloud-storage-business-organiz-940690/. Fair use.
“Folder Icon.” Free Icons Library, 2018, chittagongit.com/icon/folder-icon-images-4.html. Fair use.
“Adobe Photoshop Icon.” Wikimedia Commons, 9 April 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Photoshop_CS6_icon.svg. Fair use.

VIDEO SOURCES

williamCromar. “exquisite corpse fall 2012.” Vimeo, 2012, vimeo.com/54316814. CC-BY-NA-SA-3.0.

Variations

IMAGE CREDITS

Warhol, Andy. “Marilyn.” CEGEP du Vieux Montreal, 2010, link » (expired link, no archive). Fair use.
Picasso, Pablo. “Les 11 états successifs de la lithographie Le Taureau.” 1945. Images found at Fernand Mourlot, lithographe, 2018, mourlot.free.fr/english/fmtaureau.html. Fair use. 11 Images combined by author and formatted to create icon.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. “Graphic Design: The New Basics Cover.” Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, http://www.gdbasics.com/home.html. Fair use.
Monet, Claude. “Haystacks on a Foggy Morning.” 1891. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 14 July 2008, link ». Public domain. Image cropped and manipulated by author to simulate trim marks and bleed, formatted for icon.
“Amelia Earhart in evening clothes.” Before 1937. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 5 May 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amelia-in-evening-clothes_(cropped).jpg. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Dali manipulation.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Derivative of public domain image and Digital Foundations exercise, with citations found below, cropped by author for icon.
Duchamp, Marcel. “The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass).” 1915-23. Image found at Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/dada1/a/duchamp-the-bride-stripped-bare-by-her-bachelors-even. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, http://www.gdbasics.com/home.html.

Multiples

IMAGE CREDITS

Picasso, Pablo. “Les 11 états successifs de la lithographie Le Taureau.” 1945. Images found at Fernand Mourlot, lithographe, 2018, mourlot.free.fr/english/fmtaureau.html. Fair use. 11 Images combined by author and formatted to create icon.
Monet, Claude. “Haystack series.” ca 1884-97. Images found at Wikimedia Commons, 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haystacks_by_Claude_Monet. Public domain. The following images were combined by author into one image:
- “Haystacks on a Foggy Morning.” 1891. Image found at link ».
- “Haystacks, White Frost Effect.” ca 1890-1. Image found at link ».
- “Haystacks, End of Summer.” 1897. Image found at link ».
- “Haystacks, Snow Effects; Sunlight.” 1890-1. Image found at link ».
- “Haystacks.” 1884. Image found at link ».
- “Haystacks, End of Day, Autumn.” 1891. Image found at link ».
- “Haystack, Sun in the Mist.” 1890-1. Image found at link ».
- “Haystack in Sunshine.” 1891. Image found at link ».
- “Haystack, Sunset, Snow Effect.” 1890-1. Image found at link ».
Johns, Jasper. “Flag series.” 1954-69. Fair use. The following images were combined by author into one image:
- “Flag.” 1954-55. Image found at Artchive, 2018, www.artchive.com/artchive/J/johns/flag.jpg.html.
- “White Flag.” 1955. Image found at Artchive, 2018, www.artchive.com/artchive/J/johns/whitflag.jpg.html.
- “Flag.” 1969. Image found at Masterworks Fine Art, 2018, www.masterworksfineart.com/artists/jasper-johns/artwork/flag-1969/id/w-3272.
- “Three Flags.” 1958. Image found at Artchive, 2018, http://www.artchive.com/artchive/J/johns/3flags.jpg.html.
di Bondoni, Giotto. “The Seven Virtues” and “The Seven Vices” from the Scrovegni Chapel. 1303-6. Images found at Web Gallery of Art, 2012, www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/g/giotto/padova/. Public domain. 14 images combined by author into one image.
Van Eyck, Hubert and Jan. “Ghent Altarpiece.” 1432. Images found at Wikipedia, 28 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece. Public domain.
Duchamp, Marcel. “The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass).” 1915-23. Image found at Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/54149.html?mulR=6425. Fair use.
Warhol, Andy. “Marilyn Diptych.” 1962. Image found at Tate, 2018, www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/warhol-marilyn-diptych-t03093. Fair use.
Kosuth, Joseph. “One and Three Chairs.” 1965. Image found at ResearchGate, 2018, link ». Fair use.
Hockney, David. “David Graves Pembroke Studios London Tuesday 27th April 1982.” 1982. Image found at Grais, Stuart. “Collage.” Stuart Grais, 2018, facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/collage.htm. Fair use.
Hockney, David. “Mother I, Yorkshire Moors, August 1985 #1.” 1985. Image found at Grais, Stuart. “Collage.” Stuart Grais, 2018, facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/collage.htm. Fair use.
Start, Doug and Mike. “Double Stark Portrait in Swirl.” 1985-6. Image found at Doug Starn Mike Starn, 2018, link ». Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Claude Oscar Monet, 2017. www.claudemonetgallery.org/.
Rosenthal, Nan. “Jasper Johns.” Metropolitan Museum Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 2018, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/john/hd_john.htm.
Meis, Morgan. “Take an Object, Do Something To It.” 3 Quarks Daily, 20 March 2008, www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2008/03/take-an-object.html.
Clarke, Andy. “Jasper Johns’ Flag at MOMA.” Stuff and Nonsense, 9 November 2006, stuffandnonsense.co.uk/archives/jasper_johns_flag_at_moma.html.
“Polyptych.” Wikipedia, 31 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyptych.
Giotto di Bondone, 2017, www.giottodibondone.org/No.-40-The-Seven-Virtues-Prudence-1306.html.
“Frescoes in the Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua.” Web Gallery of Art, 2018, www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/g/giotto/padova/.
Capella degli Scrovegni, 2018, www.cappelladegliscrovegni.it/index.php/en/.
Stafford, Andrew. Making Sense of Marcel Duchamp, 2008, www.understandingduchamp.com/.
“Joseph Kosuth: One and Three Chairs.” MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/81435?classifications=any&date_begin=Pre-1850&date_end=2018&locale=en&q=kosuth&with_images=1.
David Hockney, 2018, www.hockneypictures.com/.
“David Hockney: Photocollages.” Wikipedia, 5 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney#The_.22joiners.22.
Doug Starn Mike Starn, 2018, www.dmstarn.com/.

BOOK SOURCES

Siegel, Jeanne. Artwords: Discourse on the 60s and 20s. UMI Research Press. Ann Arbour, Michigan. 1985; second edition Da Capo Press, New York 1992.

Need to Bleed

IMAGE CREDITS

Monet, Claude. “Haystacks on a Foggy Morning.” 1891. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 14 July 2008, link ». Public domain. Image cropped and manipulated by author to simulate trim marks and bleed, formatted for icon.

Cloning and Repetition

IMAGE CREDITS

“Amelia Earhart in evening clothes.” Before 1937. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 5 May 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amelia-in-evening-clothes_(cropped).jpg. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
“First All Female Crew.” Wikimedia Commons, 4 August 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C-130_-_First_all_female_crew.jpg. Public domain.
Billboard Liberation Front. “Marlbore.” Image found at Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=File:Billboard-marlbore.jpg. Fair use.
Lambert, Steve. “PeopleProducts123.com.” Anti-Advertising Agency, 13 February 2007, antiadvertisingagency.com/project/peopleproducts123com/. Fair use.
Bertelli, Renato. “Profilo Continuo (Testa di Mussolini).” 1933. Image found at Mutual Art, 12 May 2012, www.mutualart.com/Artwork/-Head-of-Mussolini–Continuous-Profile–/3C1463E71FBCB01C. Fair use. Image manipulated by artist for square formatting.
williamCromar. “continuous profile (head of drumpf).” williamCromar, 2016, williamcromar.com/ ©2016 all rights reserved.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Napier, Jack, and Thomas, John. “The BLF Manifesto.” Billboard Liberation Front, 2018, www.billboardliberation.com/manifesto.html
Lambert, Steve. PeopleProducts123.com, 2018, antiadvertisingagency.com/pp123/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

BOOK SOURCES

Klein, Naomi. No Logo. Picador, 2002.

Quick Masking, Non-destructive Editing, and Vector Functionality

IMAGE CREDITS

Higgins, Roger. “Salvador Dali with his pet ocelot, Babou, and cane.” 1965. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 5 April 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_Dali_NYWTS.jpg. Public domain.
“National Geographic February 1982 cover.” February 1982. Image found at Goldberg, Susan. “How We Spot Altered Pictures.” National Geographic, July 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/editors-note-images-and-ethics/. Fair use.
“National Review October 1, 2012 cover.” 1 October 2012. Image found at Bronx Documentary Center Altered Images, 2018, www.alteredimagesbdc.org/national-review/. Fair use.
“President Obama at Democratic National Convention.” September 2012. Image found at Bronx Documentary Center Altered Images, 2018, www.alteredimagesbdc.org/national-review/. Fair use.
Halsmann, Philippe. “Dali Atomicus pre-edited image.” 1948. Image found at WikiArt, 31 July 2013, www.wikiart.org/en/philippe-halsman/dali-atomicus-1948. Fair use.
Halsmann, Philippe. “Dali Atomicus.” 1948. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/philippe-halsman-dali-atomicus-1948. Fair use.
ALL IMAGE UNDER Using Quick Masks and alpha channels THROUGH Organizing layer with groups: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Chapter 1 CS6.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_11_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Code of Ethics.” NPAA, 2017, nppa.org/code-ethics.
Goldberg, Susan. “How We Spot Altered Pictures.” National Geographic, July 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/editors-note-images-and-ethics/.
NewsCom, 2018, www.newscom.com/nc/showMainNCPage.action.
Soutwick, Peter, et. al. “Photojournalism Ethics: The Resurrection Of The Jackelope?” NPAA, 17 October 2012, nppa.org/news/10335.
Fowler, Jack. “By the Way.” National Review, 19 September 2012, www.nationalreview.com/corner/way-jack-fowler-2/#.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

The Large Print

IMAGE CREDITS

Duchamp, Marcel. “The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass).” 1915-23. Image found at Khan Academy, 2018, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/dada1/a/duchamp-the-bride-stripped-bare-by-her-bachelors-even. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Allegheny Art Company, 2018, www.alleghenyart.com/ (expired domain, archive web.archive.org/web/20180101021746/http://www.alleghenyart.com/).
Artist and Craftsman Supply, 2018, www.artistcraftsman.com/.

BOOK SOURCES

Cabanne, Pierre, et al. Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp. Da Capo Press, 1999. Link to PDF ».

Neverending story

IMAGE CREDITS

Duchamp, Marcel. “Boîte-en-valise.” Tout-Fait, December 1999, http://www.toutfait.com/issues/issue_1/Articles/zoom1.HTM. Manipulated by author for background transparency. Fair use.
Escher, M. C. “Drawing Hands.” 1948. Image found at Wikipedia, 9 March 2010, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DrawingHands.jpg. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. “Graphic Design: The New Basics Cover.” Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, http://www.gdbasics.com/home.html. Fair use.
“Graphic Ruler.” L’Angolo Graphico, 2018, www.angolografico.eu/UK/Grafica_UK.html. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Tschichold, Jan. “Die Konstruktivisten (The Constructivists) (Poster for exhibition in the Kunsthalle Basel).” 1937. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/6746. Fair use. Image manipulated for color and cropped by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Carson-inspired illustration.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Portfolio image.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.

WEB SOURCES

Arensberg, Walter, quoted by Naumann, Francis M. “Marcel Duchamp.” Francis M. Naumann Fine Art, 2018, www.francisnaumann.com/DUCHAMP/text.html.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Lupton, Ellen and Phillips, Jennifer Cole. Graphic Design: The New Basics, 2008, http://www.gdbasics.com/home.html.

Co-Evolution

IMAGE CREDITS

Escher, M. C. “Drawing Hands.” 1948. Image found at Wikipedia, 9 March 2010, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DrawingHands.jpg. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Wilson, Tim. “Depth of Field: Gregg Toland, Citizen Kane and Beyond.” Creative Cow, 2012, library.creativecow.net/article.php?author_folder=wilson_tim&article_folder=Cinematic_Composition-DoF&page=1. Fair use.
Duchamp, Marcel. “Boîte-en-valise (de ou par Marcel Duchamp ou Rrose Sşlavy).” 1935-41. Image found at “The Museum as Muse.” MoMA, 1999, link ». Fair use.
Kosuth, Joseph. “a labyrinth into which I can venture (a play of works by guests and foreigners).” 2006. Image found at Robinson, Walter. “Weekend Update.” ArtNet, 10 October 2006, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/robinson/robinson10-30-06.asp. Fair use.
Kosuth, Joseph. ” Ulysses: Wrectified.” 2006. Image found at kingsley, m. “Out of Sorts.” Speak Up, 16 June 2006, www.underconsideration.com/speakup/archives/002722.html. Fair use.
Keramea, Zoe. “One Line.” 2006. Image found at “drawings.” Zoe Keramea, 2018, www.zoekeramea.com/main/drawings. Fair use.
Walker Art Center. “2008 Leporello.” 2008. Image found at Flickr, 2008, www.flickr.com/photos/walkerart/16780370276/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Yip, Kevin, et. al. “An integrated system for studying residue coevolution in proteins.” Bioinformatics, Volume 24, Issue 2, 15 January 2008, Pages 290–292, academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/2/290/228702#.
“From or by Marcel Duchamp or Rrose Sélavy (Box in a Valise).” Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51693.html?mulR=2503.
Naumann, Francis M. “Marcel Duchamp.” Francis M. Naumann Fine Art, 2018, www.francisnaumann.com/DUCHAMP/text.html.
Kelly, Sean. “Joseph Kosuth: A labyrinth into which I can venture (a play of works by guests and foreigners).” Sean Kelly, 2006, www.skny.com/exhibitions/joseph-kosuth2.
Packer, Randall and Jordan, Ken. Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality, 2001, www.w2vr.com/timeline/timeline.html.
“David Bowie.” Wikipedia, 6 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie.
“Kurt Cobain.” Wikipedia, 5 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Cobain.
Ruch, Allen. “And roll away the reel world, the reel world, the reel world!” The Modern Word, 24 March 2004, (domain expired, archive 2 March 2014 link »).
“Ulysses (novel).” Wikipedia, 5 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_%28novel%29.
kingsley, m. “Out of Sorts.” Speak Up, 16 June 2006, www.underconsideration.com/speakup/archives/002722.html.
Barger, Jorn. “James Joyce’s schemata for Ulysses.” Robot Wisdom, May 2000, (domain expired, archive 24 June 2012 link »).
Tweedie-Cullen, Layla. “Rosemary Furtak: Artist Books.” Walker Art Center, 15 July 2008 ;walkerart.org/magazine/rosemary-furtak-artist-books.
Walker Art Center. “Text/Messages: Books by Artists.” Flickr, 2009, www.flickr.com/photos/walkerart/sets/72157612200489577/with/3174840322/.

VIDEO SOURCES

Nava, Eliana. “The Priest They Called Him.” Video based on Burroughs, William, and Cobain, Kurt. “The Priest They Called Him.” Vimeo, 2012, https://vimeo.com/54689316.

BOOK SOURCES

Hofstadter, Douglas R. Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. Basic Books, 1999. Online version at openlibrary.org/works/OL716850W/Go%CC%88del_Escher_Bach.
Ende, Michael, and Ralph Manheim. The Neverending Story. Puffin, 2014.
Burroughs, William S., and James Grauerholz. Word Virus: the William S. Burroughs Reader. Grove Press, 2000.
Burroughs, William. “The Future of the Novel (1964).” In Packer, Randall and Jordan, Ken. Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. W. W. Norton, 2001.
Burgess, Anthony. ReJoyce. W. W. Norton, 1965.

Graphic Units of Measure

IMAGE CREDITS

“Graphic Ruler.” L’Angolo Graphico, 2018, www.angolografico.eu/UK/Grafica_UK.html. Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Andrei, Mihai. ” Map of countries officially not using the metric system.” ZME Science, 9 August 2018, www.zmescience.com/other/map-of-countries-officially-not-using-the-metric-system/.
“Point (typography).” Wikipedia, 18 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography).

Unity

IMAGE CREDITS

Tschichold, Jan. “Die Konstruktivisten (The Constructivists) (Poster for exhibition in the Kunsthalle Basel).” 1937. Image found at MoMA, 2018, www.moma.org/collection/works/6746. Fair use. Image manipulated for color by author.
“Gutenberg Bible.” ca 1455. Image found at Library of Congress, 2018, www.loc.gov/exhibits/bibles/the-gutenberg-bible.html. Public domain.
“Armistice Signed, End Of The War! Berlin Seized By Revolutionists; New Chancellor Begs For Order.” 11 November 1918. Image found at “On This Day.” The New York Times, 11 November 2010, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1111.html. Public domain.
“Golden canon of page construction.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 October 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_canon_of_page_construction.svg. Public domain.
Sherbyte. “Tracking vs Kerning.” Wikimedia Commons, 2 September 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tracking_vs_Kerning.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO SOURCES

Zalonis, Aaron. “Canons of Page Construction.” Vimeo, 2013, vimeo.com/57018050.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Wiegel, Peter. Cat Fonts, 2018, www.peter-wiegel.de/.
Wiegel, Peter. “Tchichold Font.” FFonts, 13 April 2018, www.ffonts.net/Tschichold.font#.

BOOK SOURCES

Jan Tschichold; selection from “The Form of the Book”, essays by Jan Tschichold pub.by Lund Humphries 1991

Tension

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Carson-inspired illustration.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Brody, Neville. “Research Studios 2010 Calendar.” 2010. Image found at “Neville Brody.” Design is History, 2018, www.designishistory.com/1980/neville-brody/. Fair use.
Carson, David. “Ray Gun cover.” ca 1992. Image found at Siegler, Bonnie. “Longing in Long Beach.” Design Observer, 2 November 2015, designobserver.com/feature/longing-in-long-beach/39081/. Fair use.
“Grunge texture.” Lost and Taken, 2018, lostandtaken.com/downloads/light-tan-grunge-texture/. Fair use.
Bucataru, Gabi. “Number 1.” Photogabi, 2018, photogabi.com/free-friday-stenciled-numbers-on-asphalt-textures/. Fair use.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO SOURCES

Curtis, Hillman. “Artist Series: David Carson.” Vimeo, 2005, embed via hillmancurtis.com/artist-series/david-carson/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Carson, David. “First things first.” David Carson Design, 29 May 2002, www.davidcarsondesign.com/t/2002/05/19/first-things-first/.
Carini Type Foundry. “Adler font.” 1997. Found at FontSpace, www.fontspace.com/carini-type-foundry/adler
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Portfolio

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Portfolio image.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.
“Box Logo.” kisspng, 2018, www.kisspng.com/png-box-cloud-computing-cloud-storage-business-organiz-940690/. Fair use.
“Folder Icon.” Free Icons Library, 2018, chittagongit.com/icon/folder-icon-images-4.html. Fair use.
1904.CC. “Karl Gerstner Capital layout grid.” Wikimedia Commons, 17 June 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Gerstner_Capital_layout_grid.png. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Tochilovsky, Alexander. “Gerstner’s Capital.” Flat File, 3 March 2016, readymag.com/flatfile/03-capital/.
Free QR Code Generator, 2018, www.free-qr-code.net/.
SlideShare, 2018, www.slideshare.net/.
LinkedIn, 2018, www.linkedin.com/.

3D Modeling

IMAGE CREDITS

User Aaron1a12~commonswiki. “File:Utah_Teapot_mr_maya.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 23 May 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Utah_Teapot_mr_maya.jpg. CC-BY-3.0.
“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Semiotic Square schema.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Large Red Plane, Yellow, Black, Grey and Blue.” 1921. Image found at Artsy, 2018, www.artsy.net/artwork/piet-mondrian-composition-with-large-red-plane-yellow-black-grey-and-blue. Fair use.
Duchamp, Marcel. “Pocket Chess Set.” 1943. Image found at Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51703.html. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create background transparency.
Lara, Daniel Martinez, and Oliva, Kike. “3D Model of Escher’s Relativity.” 2000. Image found at Fajardo, Marcos. “More Arnold Radiosity renderings.” 3DLuVr, 2000, www.3dluvr.com/marcosss/morearni/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Lasseter, John. “Luxo Jr.” 1986. Image found at Porter, Spencer. ” This little light: On fathers, sons and that little lamp in the Pixar logo.” Salon, 3 September 2017, www.salon.com/2017/09/03/this-little-light/. Fair use. Image color corrected and manipulated by author to create icon.

Advanced

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. “Default Learning Contract.” Google Docs, 2018, link ».
Powers, John. “The Future of Art: Rosalind Krauss is a Jedi.” Star Wars Modern, 18 June 2010, starwarsmodern.blogspot.com/2010/06/future-of-art-rosalind-krauss-is-jedi.html.

BOOK SOURCES

Krauss, Rosalind. “Sculpture in the Expanded Field.” October, vol. 8, 1979, p. 30., doi:10.2307/778224. Online source link ».

Essentials

IMAGE CREDITS

Mondrian, Piet. ” Composition with Large Red Plane, Yellow, Black, Grey and Blue.” 1921. Image found at Artsy, 2018, www.artsy.net/artwork/piet-mondrian-composition-with-large-red-plane-yellow-black-grey-and-blue. Fair use.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
Dingdongchathan. “Rietveld Chair Rendered.” 2016. Model illustrating Rietveld, Gerrit. “Red and Blue Chair.” 1918-23. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 24 March 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RietveldChairRendered.jpg. CC-BY-SA-4.0. Image manipulated for color correction and change of formatting by author to create icon.
Bartz, Richard. ” Bouncing ball strobe.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 October 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bouncing_ball_strobe_edit.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Mondrianimation.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Image of screencapture manipulated to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Maya 2017 Training.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2017-Essential-Training/432363-2.html.
“Maya 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2018-Essential-Training/604210-2.html.

This is Not a Non-Objective Object

IMAGE CREDITS

Dingdongchathan. “Rietveld Chair Rendered.” 2016. Model illustrating Rietveld, Gerrit. “Red and Blue Chair.” 1918-23. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 24 March 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RietveldChairRendered.jpg. CC-BY-SA-4.0. Image manipulated for color correction and change of formatting by author to create icon.
Mondrian, Piet. “Evening: The Red Tree.” 1908. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 3 January 2015, link ». Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Gray Tree.” 1911. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 16 March 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_Tree_1911.jpg. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition No. II; Composition in Line and Color.” 1913. Image found at Kröller-Müller Museum, 2018, krollermuller.nl/en/piet-mondriaan-composition-no-i-i. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Gray and Light Brown.” 1918. Image found at WikiArt, 2018, www.wikiart.org/en/piet-mondrian/composition-with-gray-and-light-brown-1918. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Large Blue Plane, Red, Black, Yellow, and Gray.” 1921. Image found at The Artchive, 2018, www.artchive.com/artchive/M/mondrian/mondrian_blue_plane.jpg.html. Public domain.
Rietveld, Gerrit. “Rietveld-Schröder house.” 1924. Image found at Wikiarquitectura, 2018, de.wikiarquitectura.com/geb%C3%A4ude/rietvel-schroeder-haus/. Public domain.
Postma, Frans, and Boekraad, Cees. “Mondrian’s Studio in Paris.” 1995. Image digitized by author from Postma, Frans, and Boekraad, Cees. 26, Rue du Départ: Mondrian’s Studio in Paris. Ernst & Sohn, 1995. Frans Postma and Cees Boekraad studied black-and-white photographs of the studio and, with the help of scientists, were able to determine the color scheme of the room. The color reconstruction was produced with the assistance of Hans de Herder, RKD. Fair use.
Mondrian, Piet. “Tableau No. IV; Lozenge Composition with Red, Gray, Blue, Yellow, and Black” ca 1924-5. Image extracted by author from Carmean, Jr., E. A. Mondrian: The Diamond Compositions. National Gallery of Art, W. M. Brown & Son, 1979. Online resource link ». Public domain.
williamCromar. “The same painting, with lines and rectangles extending beyond the crop of the diagonal frame, after a diagram by Carmean.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Fair use.
Mondrian, Piet. “Victory Boogie Woogie.” Unfinished, 1944. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 3 January 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piet_Mondriaan_Victory_Boogie_Woogie.jpg. Public domain.

VIDEO CREDITS

McFarland, Brandon. “mondrianimation.” YouTube, 13 September 2006, www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMpzoE2V9P0.

WEB SOURCES

“Johannes Itten.” Bauhaus, (link redirects, archive 14 July 2016 link »).
“Paul Klee.” Bauhaus, (link redirects, archive 12 July 2016 link »).
“Wassily Kandinsky.” Bauhaus, (link redirects, archive 17 June 2016 link »).
“Constructivism (art).” Wikipedia, 11 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_%28art%29.
“De Stijl.” Wikipedia, 14 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl.
Bauhaus-archiv, (link expired, archive 2 July 2014 link »).
“Atlas 1925.” Bauhaus, (link redirects, archive 8 September 2015 link »).
“Bauhaus Design School.” Encyclopedia of Art History, 2018, www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/bauhaus-design-school.htm.
Piet Mondrian, 2018, www.mondriantrust.com/.
“Rietveld Schröder Archive.” Memory of the Netherlands, National Library of the Netherlands, 2018, link ».

BOOK SOURCES

Postma, Frans, and Boekraad, Cees. 26, Rue du Départ: Mondrian’s Studio in Paris. Ernst & Sohn, 1995. Online resource link ».
Jaffe, Hans Ludwig C. Piet Mondrian (Master of Art Series). New York, NY. H. N. Abrams, 1986.
Carmean, Jr., E. A. Mondrian: The Diamond Compositions. National Gallery of Art, W. M. Brown & Son, 1979. Online resource link ».

That’s the Way the Ball Bounces

IMAGE CREDITS

Bartz, Richard. ” Bouncing ball strobe.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 October 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bouncing_ball_strobe_edit.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
“How to Cheat in Maya 2017 cover art.” !ndigo, 2018, /www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/how-to-cheat-in-maya/9781498797085-item.html. Fair use.
“How to Cheat in Maya 2014 cover art.” Routledge Textbooks, 2018, routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/_author/luhta-9780240525907/2014.php. Fair use.
“The Illusion of Life cover art.” Amazon, 2018, www.amazon.com/Illusion-Life-Disney-Animation/dp/0786860707. Fair use.
“Ball Drop.” The Acme Network, 2018, www.theacmenetwork.org/virtualprograms/. Fair use.
“Ball motion diagram.” Chegg, 2018, www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/motion-diagram-shows-ball-s-position-regular-intervals-ball-flies-left-right-air-note-grap-q2914156. Fair use.
“Tennis Ball Bounce.” Gfycat, 2018, gfycat.com/gifs/detail/VagueLimpingBuzzard. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar. “Ball drop playblast.” YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlAT10ZDWCw. CC-BY-3.0.
Schottenbauer, Michele. “Sports Balls in Motion: Bouncing.” YouTube, 4 October 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=13&v=pZlYl0l2lFs. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Roy, Kenny. “How to Cheat in Maya 2014: Tools and Techniques for Character Animation.” Routledge Textbooks, 2018, routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/_author/luhta-9780240525907/.
Thomas, Frank, and Johnston, Ollie. Frank and Ollie, 2011, frankandollie.com/FrankanOllie.html.

BOOK SOURCES

Roy, Kenny. How to Cheat in Maya 2014: Tools and Techniques for Character Animation. CRC Press, 2017. Online resource link ».

Mondrianimation

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Mondrianimation.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Image of screencapture manipulated to create icon.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Large Blue Plane, Red, Black, Yellow, and Gray.” 1921. Image found at The Artchive, 2018, www.artchive.com/artchive/M/mondrian/mondrian_blue_plane.jpg.html. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition.” 1921. Image found at Olga’s Gallery, 2017, www.abcgallery.com/M/mondrian/mondrian50.html. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Large Red Plane, Yellow, Black, Gray, and Blue.” 1921. Image found at Olga’s Gallery, 2017, www.abcgallery.com/M/mondrian/mondrian53.html. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Red-Gray.” 1935. Image found at Olga’s Gallery, 2017, www.abcgallery.com/M/mondrian/mondrian65.html. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition with Black, White, Yellow and Red.” 1939-42. Image found at Olga’s Gallery, 2017, www.abcgallery.com/M/mondrian/mondrian68.html. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Composition London.” 1940-42. Image found at PIet Mondrian, 2011, www.piet-mondrian.org/composition-london.jsp. Public domain.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar. “mondrianimation.” YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fpX86ozFZo.

Elements

IMAGE CREDITS

Duchamp, Marcel. “Pocket Chess Set.” 1943. Image found at Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/51703.html. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create background transparency.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
Bailey, William. “Rose Alba.” 2012. Image found at Einspruch, Franklin. “My Own Private Umbria.” New York Sun, 11 May 2012, www.nysun.com/arts/my-own-private-umbria/87818/. Fair use.
Scamozzi, Ottavio Bertotti. “Palladio Rotonda planta.” 1778. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palladio_Rotonda_planta_Scamozzi_1778.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to reduce pixel moire, eliminate weak scan areas, and format for icon.
williamCromar. “Material rendering.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
“Klein bottle 3D print.” PSU Maker Commons, 2016, makercommons.psu.edu/ (link for image expired, no archive). Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Mad Tea Party.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png. Public domain.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Maya 2017 Training.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2017-Essential-Training/432363-2.html.
“Maya 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2018-Essential-Training/604210-2.html.

Alternate Realities

IMAGE CREDITS

Bailey, William. “Rose Alba.” 2012. Image found at Einspruch, Franklin. “My Own Private Umbria.” New York Sun, 11 May 2012, www.nysun.com/arts/my-own-private-umbria/87818/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Magritte, René. “La trahison des images.” 1928-29. Image found at plaidnet.greenwichacademy.org/arthistoryslides/slideidgal/MODERNISM/MODERNISM-Images/modern31.jpg. 2009. (link expired, no archive available). Fair use.
williamCromar. “la trahison des éléments d’image.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Transformative digital artwork by author, appropriating Magritte, René. “La trahison des images.” 1928-29. Image found at plaidnet.greenwichacademy.org/arthistoryslides/slideidgal/MODERNISM/MODERNISM-Images/modern31.jpg. 2009. (link expired, no archive available). Fair use.
“Still life with eggs, birds and bronze dishes, from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii.” 50-79 BCE. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 29 October 2014, link ». Public domain.
Masaccio. “The Holy Trinity.” ca 1426-8. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 September 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masaccio,_trinit%C3%A0.jpg. Public domain.
Vallayer-Coster, Anne. “A still life of mackerel, glassware, a loaf of bread and lemons on a table with a white cloth.” 1787. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 12 June 2015, link ».
Courbet, Gustave. “The Stonebreakers.” 1849. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 June 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Stonebreakers_-_WGA05457.jpg. Public domain.
Bailey, William. “Rose Alba.” 2012. Image found at Einspruch, Franklin. “My Own Private Umbria.” New York Sun, 11 May 2012, www.nysun.com/arts/my-own-private-umbria/87818/. Fair use.
Bosch, Hieronymous. “The Garden of Earthly Delights.” ca 1500-5. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 21 November 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_jard%C3%ADn_de_las_Delicias,_de_El_Bosco.jpg. Public domain.
Arcimboldo, Guiseppe. “Water.” ca 1566-70. Image found at Smithsonian.com, January 2011, www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/arcimboldos-feast-for-the-eyes-74732989/. Public domain.
Magritte, René. “The Explanation.” 1954. Image found at Art History by Laurence Shafe, 2018, www.shafe.co.uk/ren%EF%BF%BD_magritte-_the_explanation_1952/. Fair use.
Rockman, Alexis. “The Farm.” 2000. Image found at Art Works for Change, 2018, www.artworksforchange.org/portfolio/alexis-rockman/. Fair use.
Zahn, Johann. “The reflex box camera obscura, from ‘The History of the Camera Obscura’.” 1685. Image found at PBS Learning Media, www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xjf115145eng/the-reflex-box-camera-obscura-by-johann-zahn-1685-from-the-history-of-the-camera-obscura-xjf115145-eng/#.W3riuZNJGL8. Public domain.
Vermeer, Jan. “The Glass of Wine.” ca 1658-60. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 May 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer#/media/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Wine_Glass_(c_1658-1660).jpg. Public domain.
Steadman, Phillip. “The orientation of the camera image.” Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/reply2.htm. Fair use.
Steadman, Phillip. “The Glass of Wine bird’s eye view.” Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/room1.htm. Fair use.
Celmins, Vija. “Hiroshima.” 1968. Image found at The Modern Art Notes Podcast, 2014, manpodcast.com/portfolio/no-105-vija-celmins/. Fair use.
Flack, Audrey. “Wheel of Fortune (Vanitas).” 1976-78. Image found at Audrey Flack, 2018, www.audreyflack.com/photorealism/. Fair use.
Richter, Gerhard. “Kerze I.” 1988. Image found at ArtNet, 2018, www.artnet.com/artists/gerhard-richter/kerze-i-candle-i-PBtxmozQRfyyFUswiSnUAw2. Fair use.
Goings, Ralph. “Quartet.” 2006. Image found at “Really Real Photorealism.” NPR, 15 October 2009, www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2009/10/photorealism.html. Fair use.
Gurza, Magda Torres. “La hora del te.” 2015. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 July 2015, es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Torres_Gurza#/media/File:La_hora_del_te.jpg. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Childs, David, with Skidmore, Owings, and Merril. “Freedom Tower.” 2006. Image found at Bagli, Charles.”As Tower Rises, So Do Efforts to Buy In.” The New York Times, 23 April 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/nyregion/24zero.html. Fair use.
Ariarmstrong. “Freedom Tower World Trade Center NYC.” Wikimedia Commons, 30 November 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_Tower_World_Trade_Center_NYC.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image manipulated by author to eliminate lens dust.
Scott, Ridley. “Gladiator.” 2000. Film still found at Wikipedia, 2 January 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)#/media/File:Cityrome.jpg. Fair use.
“1st and Ten graphics system.” Wikipedia, 2 January 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First-down-line.jpg. Fair use.
“Who Framed Roger Rabbit gif.” 1980’s-90’s Gifs, 17 February 2015, 1980s-90sgifs.tumblr.com/post/111301532290. Fair use.
Koons, Jeff, with Snapchat. “Jeff Koons’ balloon dog in Snapchat’s augmented reality.” 2017. Image found at Johnson, Lauren. “Snapchat Is Working With the Artist Jeff Koons to Create Augmented Reality Lenses.” AdWeek, 3 October 2017, www.adweek.com/digital/snapchat-is-working-with-the-artist-jeff-koons-to-create-augmented-reality-lenses/. Fair use.
Oursler, Tony. “Mansheshe.” 1997. Image found at classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/187/flashcards/1452187/png/screen_shot_2012-06-06_at_11448_pm1339013718914.png. Fair use.
Wolfson, Jordan. “Real Violence.” 2017. Image found at Halle, Howard. “We talk to the artist behind that violent VR video at the Whitney Biennial.” Timeout New York, 1 May 2018, www.timeout.com/newyork/news/we-talk-to-the-artist-behind-that-violent-vr-video-at-the-whitney-biennial-050118. Fair use.
Errazuriz, Sebastien, and Cross Lab Studio. “untitled work.” 2017. Image found at Matney, Lucas. “Jeff Koons’ augmented reality Snapchat artwork gets ‘vandalized’.” TechCrunch, 8 October, 2017, techcrunch.com/2017/10/08/jeff-koons-augmented-reality-snapchat-artwork-gets-vandalized/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Hockney–Falco thesis.” Wikipedia, 18 August 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockney%E2%80%93Falco_thesis
Steadman, Phillip. Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/home.htm.
“Really Real Photorealism.” NPR, 15 October 2009, www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2009/10/photorealism.html.
“Durst screws up the Freedom Tower antenna.” BatteryPark.TV, 8 December 2013, batterypark.tv/uncategorized/durst-screws-up-the-freedom-tower-antenna.html.
Lazirov, Tihomir. “The Best CGI in Movies Is Not When You Don’t See It, But Rather When You Don’t Expect It.” Fstoppers, 17 March 2018, fstoppers.com/bts/best-cgi-movies-not-when-you-dont-see-it-rather-when-you-dont-expect-it-233064.
“1st & Ten (graphics system).” Wikipedia, 2 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_%26_Ten_(graphics_system).
Judah, Hettie. “Is Virtual Reality Art the Real Deal?” Garage, 24 January 2018, garage.vice.com/en_us/article/gyw7xw/is-virtual-reality-art-the-real-deal.
Raab, Josh. “Virtual Reality is for Artists.” Time, 2016, time.com/vr-is-for-artists/.
Schwartz, Alexandria. “Confronting the ‘Shocking’ Virtual-Reality Artwork at the Whitney Biennial.” The New Yorker, 20 March 2017, www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/confronting-the-shocking-virtual-reality-artwork-at-the-whitney-biennial.
Matney, Lucas. “Jeff Koons’ augmented reality Snapchat artwork gets ‘vandalized’.” TechCrunch, 8 October, 2017, techcrunch.com/2017/10/08/jeff-koons-augmented-reality-snapchat-artwork-gets-vandalized/.
Thingiverse, 2018, www.thingiverse.com/.
Etsy, 2018, www.etsy.com/.
Parsons, Michael. “Tolerance and customisation: A question of value.” Australian Design Review, 2 April 2014, www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/tolerance-and-customisation-a-question-of-value/.

BOOK SOURCES

Anders, Peter. “Cybrid Principles: Guidelines for Merging Physical and Cyber Spaces.” International Journal of Architectural Computing, Issue 03, Volume 03, 2006.
Kolarevic, Branko. Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. Spon Press, 2003. Online resource link ».

Nine Square Grid

IMAGE CREDITS

Scamozzi, Ottavio Bertotti. “Palladio Rotonda planta.” 1778. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palladio_Rotonda_planta_Scamozzi_1778.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to reduce pixel moire, eliminate weak scan areas, and format for icon.
Horner, Ray. “Samples of some Kean student work.” Image found at “Make 9 New Forms Using The Cube As The Starting Point – Revised.” Professor Horner’s Art Class, 17 September 2008, professorhornersartclass.com/make-9-new-forms-using-the-cube-as-the-starting-point/. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Horner, Ray. “Make 9 New Forms Using The Cube As The Starting Point – Revised.” Professor Horner’s Art Class, 17 September 2008, professorhornersartclass.com/make-9-new-forms-using-the-cube-as-the-starting-point/.

Material Culture

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Arnold for Maya User Guide.” SolidAngle, 2018, support.solidangle.com/display/A5AFMUG/Arnold+for+Maya+User+Guide.
“Material Library.” SolidAngle, 2018, support.solidangle.com/display/A5AFMUG/Material+Library.

Fabrication

IMAGE CREDITS

“Klein bottle 3D print.” PSU Maker Commons, 2016, makercommons.psu.edu/ (link for image expired, no archive). Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar. “First Print, 40 Minutes In.” YouTube, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mst6wzica6k.

WEB SOURCES

MeshLab, 2018, www.meshlab.net/.
PSU Maker Commons, 2018, makercommons.psu.edu/.
Abington Innovation Center, 2018, sites.psu.edu/abingtoninnovation/.
3D Hubs, 2018, www.3dhubs.com/3d-printing.
ShapeWays, 2018, www.shapeways.com/.

Through the Looking Glass

IMAGE CREDITS

Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Mad Tea Party.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png. Public domain.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Entering the Glass.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 20 August 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aliceroom3.jpg. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Looking Glass project samples.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student project samples from studio by author.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Looking-Glass Land.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0achovnice.jpg. Public domain.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Three Queens.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Red_Queen_White_Queen2.jpg. Public domain.
Carroll, Lewis. “Diagram of story as chess game prefacing Through the Looking-Glass.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2010, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass#/media/File:Alice_chess_game.png. Public domain.
“Carroll’s Chess Diagram gif.” Image found in “The Role Chess Plays in Through the Looking-Glass.” LIT 4334: The golden age of children’s literature, 21 February 2013, lit4334goldenage.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/the-role-chess-plays-in-through-the-looking-glass/. Fair use.
Noguchi, Isamu. “Chess Table/Chess Set.” 1944. Image found at Davis, Ben. “We are Duchampians.” ArtNet, 1 November 2005, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis11-1-05.asp. Fair use.
Calder, Alexander. “Traveling Chess Set.” 1942. Image found at Overmeer, Marjolein. “Rotterdam on the move.” Schaakstukken museum, 12 August 2013, www.schaakstukkenmuseum.nl/?p=1403⟨=en. Fair use.
Ray, Man. “Chess Set.” 1920-26. Image found at Davis, Ben. “We are Duchampians.” ArtNet, 1 November 2005, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis11-1-05.asp. Fair use.
Ono, Yoko. “play it by trust.” 1966. Image found at Graphic Chess, 2013, graphicchess.tumblr.com/post/32865165328. Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Mad Tea Party.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png. Public domain.
Iben, Hayley, and O’Brien, James F. “Generating Surface Crack Patterns.” 2006. Image found at O’Brien, James F. “List of Publications.” Computer Graphics: University of California – Berkeley, 2018, graphics.berkeley.edu/people/jObrien-publications.html. Fair use.
Brandt, Marianne. “Teapot.” 1924. Image found at García, Mariángeles. “The Lost History of the Women of the Bauhaus.” ArchDaily, 22 May 2018, www.archdaily.com/890807/the-lost-history-of-the-women-of-the-bauhaus. Public domain.
Graves. Michael. “Alessi Tea Service.” 1985. Image found at “What Else?” Autour de L’Architcture, 12 June 2009, autour-architecture.blogspot.com/2009/06/. Fair use.
Liebeskind, Daniel. “Sawaya & Moroni Tea Set.” 2009. Image found at “daniel libeskind : sawaya & moroni tea set.” Azurebumble, 4 July 2010, azurebumble.wordpress.com/2010/07/04/daniel-libeskind-sawaya-moroni-tea-set/. Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Drink Me.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 5-6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_04.png and commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_05.png. Public domain. Images combined by author.
Morandi, Giorgio. “Natura Morta.” 1960. Image found at “Morandi: Master of Modern Still Life.” Phillips Collection, 2009, www.phillipscollection.org/events/2009-02-21-exhibition-morandi. Fair use.
Segal, George. “Morandi’s Still Life.” 1983. Image found at “Art of the 20th Century.” a world history of art, 2018, www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/segal1.html. Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Dressing for Battle.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 March 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tweedledum2.jpg. Public domain.

WEB SOURCES

Duchamp, Marcel. Quote from a 1952 address to the New York State Chess Association, quoted in Goeller, Michael. “Is Chess Art?” The Kenilworthian, 2010, http://kenilworthian.blogspot.com/2010/04/is-chess-art.html.
Davis, Ben. “We are Duchampians. ArtNet, 1 November 2005, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis11-1-05.asp.
Torrence, Ann. ” Martin Newell’s original teapot.” Published in Proceeding ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Teapot. ACM Digital Library, 2018, dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1180098.1180128.
“Utah teapot.” Wikipedia, 13 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_teapot.

BOOK SOURCES

Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. The Macmillan Company. 1897. pp. 11-13.
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. papers, August 30, 1952.

Environments

IMAGE CREDITS

Lara, Daniel Martinez, and Oliva, Kike. “3D Model of Escher’s Relativity.” 2000. Image found at Fajardo, Marcos. “More Arnold Radiosity renderings.” 3DLuVr, 2000, www.3dluvr.com/marcosss/morearni/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
“Premier Logo.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 May 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Premiere_Pro_Logo.svg. Fair use.
“Clapper.” Imgur, imgur.com/gallery/jeuQH. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Displacement map rendering.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Duret-Lutz, Alexandre. “Stereographic projection of Paris.” 2007. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 8 July 2010, link ». CC-BY-SA-2.0.
NASA. “North America from low orbiting satellite.” 2012. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 January 2012, link ». Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Escher, M. C. “Relativity.” 1953. Image found at M. C. Escher, www.mcescher.com/gallery/back-in-holland/relativity/. Fair use.
Lara, Daniel Martinez, and Oliva, Kike. “3D Model of Escher’s Relativity.” 2000. Image found at Fajardo, Marcos. “More Arnold Radiosity renderings.” 3DLuVr, 2000, www.3dluvr.com/marcosss/morearni/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Maya 2017 Training.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2017-Essential-Training/432363-2.html.
“Maya 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2018-Essential-Training/604210-2.html.

Concatenation

IMAGE CREDITS

“Premier Logo.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 May 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Premiere_Pro_Logo.svg. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar. “Ball Drop rendered.” YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw_vkNUv4uU. CC-BY-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

soundeffects+, 2018, www.soundeffectsplus.com/.
Freesound, 2018, www.freesound.org/.
FindSounds, 2018, findsounds.com/.
SoundCloud, 2018, soundcloud.com/search/sounds?q%5Bcc_licensed%5D=true.
Free Music Archive, 2018, freemusicarchive.org/.
Jamendo Music, 2018, www.jamendo.com/en/search.
“Audio Archive.” Internet Archive, 2018, archive.org/details/audio.
Universal Soundbank, 2018, www.universal-soundbank.com/.
“IFrame Player API: YouTube Embedded Players and Player Parameters.” YouTube, 2018, developers.google.com/youtube/player_parameters.

Production Folder

IMAGE CREDITS

“Clapper.” Imgur, imgur.com/gallery/jeuQH. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Four sketches: robot study, turtle-bird hybrid, eye, face reference concept art.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student sketches from studio by author.
“Hollywood Shot Designer screencapture.” Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/shot-designer.html. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Storyboard concept art.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student sketch from studio by author.
“A typical dope sheet.” Centre for Animation & Interactive Media, 2018, minyos.its.rmit.edu.au/aim/a_notes/dopesheet_eg.html. Fair use.
“Animation timeline.” Animation World Network, 7 May 2007, www.awn.com/forum/thread/1010155. Fair use.
“A Camera Diagram That Makes Itself.” Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/shot-designer.html. Fair use.
“A Shot List That Writes Itself.” Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/shot-designer.html. Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

“Skinner Parcel Service_Storyboard.” Youtube, 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-tA97mWONc. Student work from a studio by the author.

WEB SOURCES

Concept Art World, 2018, conceptartworld.com/.
“Learn Concept Art.” CG Cookie, 2018, cgcookie.com/concept/.
Autodesk Sketchbook, 2018, sketchbook.com/.
Concepts, 2018, concepts.tophatch.com/en/.
ArtRage, 2018, www.artrage.com/.
Canfi, Netta. “What is a Storyboard?” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/what-is-a-storyboard.html.
Canfi, Netta. “Exposure Sheet Template – Free Downloads.” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/storyboard-template.html.
Canfi, Netta. “What is a Storyboard?” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/exposure-sheet-template.html.
Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.us/sd_videos.html.

Three Kinds of Map

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Displacement map rendering.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Herzog, Julian. “Normal map example.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 April 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Normal_map_example_-_Map.png. CC-BY-4.0.
Herzog, Julian. “Normal map example with scene and result.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 April 2013, link ». CC-BY-4.0.
Pac72. “Rendering with normal mapping gif.” Wikimedia Commons, 8 April 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rendering_with_normal_mapping.gif. CC-BY-4.0.
“Sand texture seamless.” 2018, link ». Domain hosts image only, no associated web page. Fair use. Color manipulated by author.
“Pattern Half-tone 2.” Public Domain Pictures, 2018, www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=192408&picture=pattern-half-. Public domain.
“Grass textures seamless.” TextureLib, 2018, texturelib.com/. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

World Building

IMAGE CREDITS

Duret-Lutz, Alexandre. “Stereographic projection of Paris.” 2007. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 8 July 2010, link ». CC-BY-SA-2.0.
Duret-Lutz, Alexandre. ” Paris s’éveille equirectangular panorama.”Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 8 April 2007, link ». CC-BY-SA-2.0.
Werner, Manfred. “Madame Nobel – film set at the Embassy of France in Vienna.” Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 27 May 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effect#/media/File:Madame_Nobel_-_film_set_at_the_Embassy_of_France_in_Vienna_May_2014_08.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Cyrino, Kaley. “Inside Courthouse Square on the Universal Studios Backlot.” Inside Universal, 29 September 2015, www.insideuniversal.net/2015/09/inside-courthouse-square-on-the-universal-studios-backlot/. Fair use.
“4K HDRI Sky of Southern CA at Noon.” cgtrader, 14 May 2016, www.cgtrader.com/free-3d-models/various/various-models/4k-hdri-sky-of-southern-ca-at-noon. Fair use.
“Sand texture seamless.” 2018, link ». Domain hosts image only, no associated web page. Fair use. Color manipulated by author.
Ikiwaner. “Spitzkoppe 360 Panorama.” Wikimedia Commons, 16 October 2012, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spitzkoppe_360_Panorama.jpg. GNU Free Documentation License 1.2.
Baroque_in_3D. “Sagebrush.” Photobucket, 2018, link ». Fair use.
Bresson, Thomas. “Panorama à 360° réalisé devant la batterie Est-enveloppe, à l’Est du fort du Salbert (HDR).” Wikimedia Commons, 21 September 2011, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2011-09-21_15-54-07-salbert.jpg. CC-BY-SA_3.0.
“Grass textures seamless.” TextureLib, 2018, texturelib.com/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Duret-Lutz, Alexandre. “Wee planets.” Flickr, ca 2006-7, www.flickr.com/photos/gadl/sets/72157594279945875/.
Duret-Lutz, Alexandre. “Paris s’éveille.” Flickr, 2007, www.flickr.com/photos/gadl/456185667/.
“Courthouse Square.” Wikipedia, 14 May 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse_Square.
“Arnold for Maya User Guide.” SolidAngle, 2018, support.solidangle.com/display/A5AFMUG/Arnold+for+Maya+User+Guide.
“sIBL Archive.” HDRI Labs, 2018, www.hdrlabs.com/sibl/archive.html.

Possible World 01

IMAGE CREDITS

NASA. “North America from low orbiting satellite.” 2012. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 January 2012, link ». Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Hamilton, Richard, after Duchamp, Marcel. “The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass).” Reconstruction 1965-6. Image found at Tate, 2018, www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?workid=4029&tabview=work. Fair use.
Cunningham, Merce. “Walkaround Time.” 1968. Image found at Stanford Presidential Lectures, 2018, prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/cunningham/walkaround.html. Fair use.
Johns, Jasper. “Set Elements for Walkaround Time.” 1968 Image found at Walker Art Center, (link expired, archive 31 January 2013 link ». Fair use.
Brancusi, Constantin. “The Kiss.” 1916. Image found at ArtNet, 2018, www.artnet.com/magazine/features/tuchman/tuchman9-10-2.asp. Public domain.
Oldenburg, Claes. “Clothespin.” 1976. Image found at Watson, Thom. Flickr, 6 February 2005, https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomwatson/4440893/. Artwork fair use. Image CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0.
Tribble, David R. “Clothespin.” Wikimedia Commons, 11 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clothespin-0157e3.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Tatlin, Vladimir. “Monument to the Third International.” Unbuilt, 1920. Image found at MoMA: Inventing Abstraction, 2012, www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2012/inventingabstraction/?work=226. Public domain.
Nagakura, Takehiko. “The Unbuilt Monuments, A Virtual Architecture Film Series: 1919-1920 Tatlin: Tatlin Tower St. Petersburg.” YouTube, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwuPCDhpcfY. Fair use.
Galbreth, Michael, and Massing, Jack a.k.a. the Art Guys. “Bonded Activity #55 (Skyscraper).” 1999. Image found at “Leaded: The Materiality and Metamorphosis of Graphite.” The Art Guys, 2007, www.theartguys.com/Leaded.html. Fair use.
Grooms, Red. “Detail: Ruckus Manhattan.” 1975. Image found at Blouin ArtInfo, 1 October 2007, www.blouinartinfo.com/node/541087. Fair use.
Slinkachu. “Overpowered.” 2009. Image found at Slinkachu, 2018, slinkachu.com/. Fair use.
“Miniature power company atop a power strip.” 2010, Image found at Waldman, Jonny. “Student Work | Kyoto University of Art and Design.” Spoon and Tamago, 3 August 2010, www.spoon-tamago.com/2010/03/08/student-work-kyoto-university-of-art-and-design/. Fair use.
Evol. “Cork.” 2006. Image found at Evol, 2018, evoltaste.com/. Fair use.
Vermeer, Jan. “The Music Lesson.” c. 1662-1664. Image found at essential vermeer 2.0, www.essentialvermeer.com/. Public domain.
Steadman, Phillip. “Model renderings after Vermeer, The Music Lesson.” Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/3dimages.htm. Fair use.
Vermeer, Jan. “The Glass of Wine.” c. 1658-1660. Image found at essential vermeer 2.0, www.essentialvermeer.com/. Public domain.
Escher, M. C. “Relativity.” 1953. Image found at M. C. Escher, www.mcescher.com/gallery/back-in-holland/relativity/. Fair use.
Escher, M. C. “Another World II.” 1947. Image found at M. C. Escher, www.mcescher.com/gallery/back-in-holland/other-world/. Fair use.
Boullée, Étienne-Louis. “Cenotaph to Isaac Newton.” Unbuilt, 1784. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 21 May 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e_Memorial_Newton_Night.jpg. Public domain.
de Groot, Thomas. “Model of Boullée Cenotaph.” 2009. Image found at de Groot, Thomas. “Etienne-Louis Boullée: Cenotaph for Newton (1784) WIP.” POV-Ray, 20 July 2009, link ». Fair use.
Lequeue, Jean Jacques. ” Orthography of the tomb of Lars Porsenna, King of Etruria, called the labyrinth of Tuscany.” Unbuilt, 1792. Image found at Gallica, 2018, gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7703185z/f1.item. Public domain.
Lin, Maya. “Vietnam Veterans Memorial.” 1981-2. Image found at Wolfson, Elizabeth. “The ‘Black Gash of Shame’—Revisiting the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Controversy.” 15 March 2017. Art21 Magazine, magazine.art21.org/2017/03/15/the-black-gash-of-shame-revisiting-the-vietnam-veterans-memorial-controversy/#.W3xzMpNJGL4. Fair use.
Jaanisoo, Villu, and Mukala, Jorma, “Broken Line memorial for the victims of the 1994 Estonia catastrophe.” 1996. Image found at “‘The Broken Line’ monument.” visit estonia, 2018, www.visitestonia.com/en/the-broken-line-monument. Fair use.
Johnson, Phillip. “John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial.” 1970. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 2014, link ». Image by Highsmith, Carol, public domain. Memoral, fair use.
williamCromar. “gtmo.” williamCromar, williamcromar.com/. © 2005 all rights reserved.
Kusmirowski, Robert. “Unacabine.” 2008. Image found at Weinstein, Jeff. “Unabomber Aesthetics.” Out There: an artsJournal blog, 21 August 2008, www.artsjournal.com/outthere/2008/08/unabomber_aesthetics.html. Fair use.
Lum, Ken. “from shangri-la to shangri-la.” 2010. Image found at Garrett, Jake Tobin. “Ken Lum’s Shangri-La Installation Brings Art Outside of the Gallery.” Beyond Robson, 29 March 2010, (link expired, archive 13 April 2010, link »). Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

MoMA. “Designing Models — with Olafur Eliasson & Felix Hallwachs.” YouTube, 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=5L0S-2smlmQ. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Mackrell, Judith. “The joy of sets.” The Guardian, 6 June 2005, www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2005/jun/06/dance.
Ptak, John. ” The Marcel Duchamp of 18th Century France: Visionary Architect Jean-Jacques Lequeu.” JF Ptak Science Books, July 2008, longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2008/07/the-marcel-duch.html.
3dtotal, 2018, www.3dtotal.com/.
Turbosquid, 2018, www.turbosquid.com/Search/?KEYWORD=Free.
“Free 3D Models of Great Buildings.” The Architecture Week Great Buildings Collection, 2018, www.greatbuildings.com/types/models/models.html.
3D Warehouse, 2018, 3dwarehouse.sketchup.com/.
SketchUp, 2018, www.sketchup.com/.
3dxtras, 2018, www.3dxtras.com/3dxtras-free-3d-models-list.asp?catid=-1. Site down 11 September 2018.
Ashutosh KS. “50 Sites to Download Free 3D Models – Best Of.” Hongkiat, 9 July 2018, www.hongkiat.com/blog/60-excellent-free-3d-model-websites/.
Meshwork, 2003, codenautics.com/meshwork/.
“Quesa.” SourceForge, 2011, sourceforge.net/projects/quesa/files/.
Meshlab, 2018, www.meshlab.net/.
Steadman, Phillip. Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/home.htm.
Furuichi, Yasuo. “Oldcity’s CGGallery.” d7.dion.ne.jp, (domain expired, archive 18 June 2012 link »).
essential vermeer 2.0, 2018, www.essentialvermeer.com/.
Elber, Gershon. “Escher for Real.” Technion, Computer Science Department, (link expired, archive 4 March 2016, link ».
Whitmer, Troy. “MC Escher’s ‘Relativity’ in 3D.” Uni-3d, (domain expired, archive 23 April 2012 link »).
Svatos, Hynek. “M.C. Escher’s Relativity.” Swat-Art, (domain expired, archive 6 January 2005 link »).
Finkenzeller, Dieter. “Escher’s ‘Andere Welt II’.” Tri-nitro, (domain expired, archive 22 January 2012 link »).
Dlugosz, John. “Another World 3.0.” John M. Dlugosz, 2000, www.dlugosz.com/POV/another_world.html.
“Cenotaph.” Wikipedia, 11 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph#The_Cenotaph.2C_London.
“Chhatri.” Wikipedia, 30 April 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatri.
“Trinity (nuclear test).” Wikipedia, 9 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_test.
“Trinity Test Fireball.” Wikipedia, 31 December 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_explosion2.jpeg.

BOOK SOURCES

Stephenson, Neal. Snow Crash. Random House. New York NY. 1992. pp. 23-24.

Entities

IMAGE CREDITS

Lasseter, John. “Luxo Jr.” 1986. Image found at Porter, Spencer. ” This little light: On fathers, sons and that little lamp in the Pixar logo.” Salon, 3 September 2017, www.salon.com/2017/09/03/this-little-light/. Fair use. Image color corrected and manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
LeWitt, Sol. “Geometric Figures & Color cover art.” 1979. Image found at Butin, Hubertus. “PERSONAL PRINTED MATTER.” Texte Zur Kunst, 2011, www.textezurkunst.de/articles/personliche-drucksachen-hubertus-butin-uber-sol-le/. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Rig screencapture.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Vaughan, William. “[digital] Modeling cover art.” 2012. Image found at Amazon, 2018, www.amazon.com/Digital-Modeling-William-Vaughan/dp/0321700899. Fair use.
NASA. “North America from low orbiting satellite.” 2012. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 January 2012, link ». Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Lasseter, John. “Luxo Jr.” 1986. Image found at Porter, Spencer. ” This little light: On fathers, sons and that little lamp in the Pixar logo.” Salon, 3 September 2017, www.salon.com/2017/09/03/this-little-light/. Fair use. Image color corrected by author.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Maya 2017 Training.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2017-Essential-Training/432363-2.html.
“Maya 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2018-Essential-Training/604210-2.html.

Keep it Simple

IMAGE CREDITS

LeWitt, Sol. “Geometric Figures & Color cover art.” 1979. Image found at Butin, Hubertus. “PERSONAL PRINTED MATTER.” Texte Zur Kunst, 2011, www.textezurkunst.de/articles/personliche-drucksachen-hubertus-butin-uber-sol-le/. Fair use.
Kochalka, James. “American Elf web comic entry for September 12, 2001.” American Elf, 2001, (domain redirects, archive 5 June 2002, web.archive.org/web/20020605152543/http://www.americanelf.com:80/). Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Lewitt, Sol. “Paragraphs on Conceptual Art.” 1967, found at Sol Lewitt: Wall Drawings and Architecture, 2018, link ».
“The Cute Manifesto.” Wikipedia, 25 January 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cute_Manifesto.
lesshonor. “james kochalka – ‘craft is the enemy’.” damn foolish, 12 July 2009, rikki.wordpress.com/2009/07/12/kochalka-craft-is-the-enemy/.

Three Kinds of Rig

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LEXLXX96PM.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 a1.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DeUNLNwI6g.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 a2.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJlA7-OCUKY.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 b1.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDQfcm5FSFI.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 b2.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=eY9igmgnVdI.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 c1.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQh8f_MWKXU.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 c2.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNpw07WOQOs.
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2 c3.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jCk0EqBsz4
williamCromar. “three kinds of rig 2.” YouTube, 2016,
Thompson, James. “Maya Rigging 101 – Simple IK rig.” YouTube, 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghuD5Po6BS4.
Auersalo, Teemu. “Rigging the desk lamp in Maya.” YouTube, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4sKFvF3L-0.
Jeremy P. “Spline IK Setup 2.0.” YouTube, 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_1781725051&feature=iv&src_vid=rGRNJKQVIW4&v=43Z5fudlXoc.

Classification

IMAGE CREDITS

Vaughan, William. “[digital] Modeling cover art.” 2012. Image found at Amazon, 2018, www.amazon.com/Digital-Modeling-William-Vaughan/dp/0321700899. Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

Tébar, Abel. “The Amazing and Mysterious Mystery of the Mysterious Teapot Lid.” Vimeo, 2011, vimeo.com/18682984.

WEB SOURCES

Vaughan, William. “Model Classification: Hard Surface and Organic.” [digital] Modeling, Peachpit, 4 February 2012, www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1825166&seqNum=2.

Possible World 02

IMAGE CREDITS

NASA. “North America from low orbiting satellite.” 2012. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 January 2012, link ». Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

O’Reilly, David. “Downloads.” Everything on Steam, 2018, www.davidoreilly.com/downloads/.
Savannah College of Art and Design, 2018, www.scad.edu/.
SCAD. “The Andy Rig 1.4.6 for Maya.” Highend3D, 2018, www.highend3d.com/maya/downloads/character-rigs/c/the-andy-rig-for-maya.
“Dumbu Rig 1.3.0 for Maya.” Highend3D, 2018, www.highend3d.com/maya/downloads/character-rigs/c/dumbu-for-maya.
“Sinka Rig 1.3.0 for Maya.” Highend3D, 2018, www.highend3d.com/maya/downloads/character-rigs/c/sinka-rig-for-maya.
“YouTube Videos.” Animation Methods, 2018, animationmethods.com/youtube-videos.html.
Free Music Archive, 2018, freemusicarchive.org/.
FindSounds, 2018, www.findsounds.com/.
FreeSound, 2018, www.freesound.org/.

RIG SOURCES

Squishy and Bboy rigs developed at Savannah College of Art and Design courtesy of Corey Ross: www.coreyross3d.com/rigs-characters/.

4D Media

IMAGE CREDITS

Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso. “From Dunes, F. T. Marinetti, Lacerba, Milan, 1914.” Public Domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon. From:
- Drucker, Johanna. The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923. The University of Chicago Press, 1996. Page image scan found at www.writing.upenn.edu/library/vizpo/advertising/Filippo-Tommaso-Marinetti_from-Dunes_2-pages_1914.jpg.
“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Cody, Heidi. “H from American Alphabet.” 2000. Image found at “American Alphabet.” Heidi Cody, 2018, www.heidicody.com/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Nauman, Bruce. “The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths (Window or Wall Sign).” 1967. Image found at Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/31965.html?mulR=1553573511|1. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to increase contrast and create icon.
williamCromar. “infinitely indestructible object gif loop.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Interactive animation appropriating Ray, Man. “Indestructible Object (or Object to Be Destroyed, or Object of Destruction).” 1964 replica of 1923 original. Image found at MoMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/81209. Fair use.
Muybridge, Eadweard. “Human and Animal Locomotion, plate 624, ‘Daisy’ galloping.” 1887. Image found as animated sequence by Waugsberg. “File:Muybridge horse gallop animated 2.gif.” Wikimedia Commons, 7 May 2015, /commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muybridge_horse_gallop_animated_2.gif. Public domain.

A2Z

IMAGE CREDITS

Cody, Heidi. “H from American Alphabet.” 2000. Image found at “American Alphabet.” Heidi Cody, 2018, www.heidicody.com/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author tp create icon.
Johns, Jasper. “Alphabet.” 1959. Image found at Art Institute of Chicago, 2018, www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/229353. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Heidelbach, Willi. “Metal movable type.” Wikimedia Commons, 14 May 2014, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Drawing with type sample.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Screencapture of gif index color map.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Reid, Jaime. “God Save the Queen cover art.” 1977. Image found at Wikipedia, 14 December 2007, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sex_Pistols_-_God_Save_the_Queen.jpg. Fair use. Image manipulated by author for color correction.
“Example of animated PNG.” Wikimedia Commons, 25 February 2017, link ». Public domain.
williamCromar. “Fire alphabet.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Work by students in a studio by the author.
Cody, Heidi. “American Alphabet.” 2000. Image found at “American Alphabet.” Heidi Cody, 2018, www.heidicody.com/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Alpha Bravo

IMAGE CREDITS

Johns, Jasper. “Alphabet.” 1959. Image found at Art Institute of Chicago, 2018, www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/229353. Fair use.
Norridge, Jonny. “Concrete Poetry splash page graphic.” Concrete Poetry: An Interactive Artwork, 2018, www.newpollution.co.uk/101/concretepoetry/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author.
Cody, Heidi. “American Alphabet.” 2000. Image found at “American Alphabet.” Heidi Cody, 2018, www.heidicody.com/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Acrophony.” Wikipedia, 17 May 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrophony.
“NATO phonetic alphabet.” Wikipedia, 6 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Phonetic_Alphabet.
“Proto-Sinaitic script.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet.
“History of the alphabet.” Wikipedia, 22 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet.
“Pictogram.” Wikipedia, 9 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogram.
Fradkin, Robert. Evolution of Alphabets, 2014, terpconnect.umd.edu/~rfradkin/alphapage.html.
Kastner, Eric. Spell with flickr, 2008, metaatem.net/words/.
Jones, Sigrid. word and image, 2017, wordandimage.wordpress.com/.
Norridge, Jonny. Concrete Poetry: An Interactive Artwork, 2018, www.newpollution.co.uk/101/concretepoetry/.
Marshall, James. “The Brand Alphabet.” Flickr, 2007, www.flickr.com/photos/inthepicturedesign/2075885412/
Miller, Reuben. “22 of the world’s most creative alphabets.” ReubenMiller, 15 September 2008, www.reubenmiller.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/09/21-unexpected-a.html.

eTypography

IMAGE CREDITS

Heidelbach, Willi. “Metal movable type.” Wikimedia Commons, 14 May 2014, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
“Metal type kerning.” Wikimedia Commons, 9 January 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_type_kerning.svg. Public domain.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Simonson, Mark. “The Lost Art of Type Spec’ing.” Mark Simonson Studio, 27 September 2008, www.marksimonson.com/notebook/view/the-lost-art-of-type-specing.
Hewitt, Alison. ” Prof revives lost art of printing press.” UCLA Newsroom, 9 October 2009, newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/prof-revives-lost-art-of-printing-press-111145.
“Core fonts for the Web.” Wikipedia, 18 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_fonts_for_the_Web.
“Fallback font.” Wikipedia, 1 November 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallback_font.
“Impact (typeface).” Wikipedia, 26 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(typeface).
“Webdings.” Wikipedia, 31 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webdings.
“Comic Sans.” Wikipedia, 29 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Sans.
Google Fonts, 2018, fonts.google.com/.
Adobe Edge Web Fonts, 2018, edgewebfonts.adobe.com/fonts.
Font Library, 2018, fontlibrary.org/en.
Fink, Richard. “Webfonts on the Prairie.” A List Apart, 6 September 2016, alistapart.com/article/webfonts-on-the-prairie.
“Font Test.” Understanding Fonts, 2018, understandingfonts.com/2011/fonttest/.
Solomon, Mike. “Host your own web fonts.” msol, 2018, msol.io/blog/tech/host-your-own-web-fonts/.
Font Squirrel, 2018, www.fontsquirrel.com/.
Sayers, Dan. “Avería: the Average Font.” iotic, 2018, www.iotic.com/averia/.
Resl, Mortiz. “Average Font.” Process Studio, 2018, process.studio/works/average-font/.
“Type Tutorials.” Photoshop Essentials, 2018, www.photoshopessentials.com/basics/type/.
“Information and Technical Assistance on the Americans with Disabilities Act.” ADA.gov, 2018, www.ada.gov/.
WebAIM, 2018, webaim.org/.

File Types and Management for Web Graphics

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Drawing with type sample.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
“Adobe Bridge icon.” Wikimedia Commons, 20 January 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adobe_Bridge_CC_icon.svg. Fair use.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Copter Game, 2018, www.coptergame.net/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Creating Web-ready Graphics

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Screencapture of gif index color map.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Screencapture of Apple website (www.apple.com/).” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Screencapture of archived Apple website.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
williamCromar. “Screencapture of Philadelphia Museum of Art website (www.philamuseum.org/).” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Screencapture of archived Philadelphia Museum of Art website (web.archive.org/web/*/www.philamuseum.org/).” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Seagram Building photo.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
Itten, Johannes. “Farbkreis.” 1961. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 April 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Farbkreis_Itten_1961.svg. Fair use. Claim of public domain status at Wikimedia Commons may not be accurate.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Wayback Machine. 2018, archive.org/web/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Word Images

IMAGE CREDITS

Reid, Jaime. “God Save the Queen cover art.” 1977. Image found at Wikipedia, 14 December 2007, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sex_Pistols_-_God_Save_the_Queen.jpg. Fair use. Image manipulated by author for color correction.
Höch, Hannah. “Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany.” 1919. Image found at Wikipedia, 17 March 2007, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoch-Cut_With_the_Kitchen_Knife.jpg. Fair use.
NASA. “The Blue Marble: Earth seen from Apollo 17.” 7 December 1972. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 28 March 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg. Public domain.
Reid, Jaime. “Never Mind the Bollocks Here’s the Sex Pistols.” 1977. Image found at “Never Mind The Bollocks, Here’s The Sex Pistols.” Tidal, 2018, tidal.com/browse/album/34454485. Fair use. Image manipulated by the author to adjust color.
Lissitzky, El. “The Constructor.” 1925. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 14 September 2016, link ». Public domain.
Kruger, Barbara. “Untitled (I shop therefore I am).” 1987. Image found at Hirshorn Museum, 2018, hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/brand-new-art-commodity-1980s/. Fair use.
Bansky, after Meek. “Keep your coins I want change.” 2004. Image found at “UPDATED 2018! 127 Amazing Banksy Graffiti Artworks With Locations.” Canvas Art Rocks, www.canvasartrocks.com/blogs/posts/70529347-121-amazing-banksy-graffiti-artworks-with-locations. Fair use.
Haring, Keith. “IGNORANCE = FEAR / SILENCE = DEATH.” 1989. Image found at Whitney Museum of American Art, 2018, collection.whitney.org/object/46387. Fair use.
Guerilla Girls. “Do women have to be naked to get into the Met. Museum?” 2012 edition. Image found at Guerilla Girls, 2018, www.guerrillagirls.com/naked-through-the-ages. Fair use.
“Eyeball.” 2018. Image found at Pixabay, 2018, pixabay.com/en/eye-iris-pupil-vision-eyeball-3221498/. CC0, free for commercial use.
Voice of America. “Women’s March 2017-01.” 2017. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 22 January 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_March_2017-01_(12).jpg. Public domain.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Hayes, Kevin, and Diesel, Chank. “Newcastle Font.” 2005.& em>Getty Fonts, 2018, gettyfonts.net/font/newcastle/download. Free for non-commercial use.
Steffmann, Dieter. “Blackletter.” 2006. DaFont, 2018, www.dafont.com/blackletter-ds.font. Free for non-commercial use.
“Art Base 101.” Rhizome, 2018, archive.rhizome.org/exhibition/artbase101/.
Paperrad. 2018, www.paperrad.org/newindex.html.
Smith, Michael Bell. “Glitter Bend.” 2008. Michael Bell Smith, 2018, michaelbellsmith.com/portfolio/glitter-bend/.
“Moiré pattern.” Wikipedia, 3 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern.
“Pixelization.” Wikipedia, 25 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelization.
“Halftone.” Wikipedia, 25 May 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone.
“Nevermind.” Wikipedia, 13 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevermind
Diesel, Chank. Chank Fonts!, 2018, chank.com/
Doublethink.” Wikipedia, 2 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublethink.
Ryadovoy, Sergei. “Peace Sans.” 2016. Font Squirrel, 2018, www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/peace-sans. Free for all use.
“Vector Tutorial : Create a cool Water Text Effect dripping texture.” Art Inspire Vault, 24 June 2008, aivault.com/2008/06/24/tutorial-create-a-cool-water-effect/.
“The Top 80 Adobe Illustrator Text Effects Tutorials.” 1st Web Designer, 20 May 2017, 1stwebdesigner.com/illustrator-text-effects/.

BOOK SOURCES

Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. Penguin Books, 2004.

Creating Web-ready GIF and PNG Animations

IMAGE CREDITS

“Example of animated PNG.” Wikimedia Commons, 25 February 2017, link ». Public domain.
Muybridge, Eadweard. “Human and Animal Locomotion, plate 539, boy walking on all fours.” 1887. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 November 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_Locomotion_-_plate_539_(6950792956).jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create individual frames and convert to animated gif for TangenT ArT CollaboraTive. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
williamCromar. “Catherine Wheel animation.” Animated gif for TangenT ArT CollaboraTive, image found at Saint Catherine’s Monastery, 2018, sites.google.com/site/stcatherinesmonastery/servingchristianity. Image, fair use. Animation, CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
geranium2006. “Orange bouncing ball gif.” Animation found at Photobucket, 2018, photobucket.com/gallery/user/geranium2006/media/bWVkaWFJZDoxMzI3NDk2/?ref=. Fair use.
Cmglee. “SVG animation using CSS.” Animation found at Wikimedia Commons, 22 January 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SVG_animation_using_CSS.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.

VIDEO CREDITS

PBS Digital Studios. “Animated GIFs: The Birth of a Medium.” YouTube, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=vuxKb5mxM8g.

WEB SOURCES

TangenT ArT CollaboraTive. d1ASp0RA :: 1d10l0GY, 2016, personal.psu.edu/wrc11/diaspora/dd1asp0ra04.html. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
ezGIF, 2018, ezgif.com/.
Adobe. “Create animated GIFs.” Adobe Photoshop Help, 3 February 2016, helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/how-to/make-animated-gif.html.
TangenT ArT CollaboraTive. /*REDaCT*/, 2015, personal.psu.edu/wrc11/red-act/d/catherine_wheel.html. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
“Photoshop CC 19.1: Video Render Stalls at 50%.” Photoshop Family, 2018, feedback.photoshop.com/photoshop_family/topics/cc-2018-photoshop-video-render-stalls-at-50?topic-reply-list%5Bsettings%5D%5Bfilter_by%5D=all.

Alphabet Blog

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Fire alphabet.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Work by students in a studio by the author.
“PMA Logo animated.” Pentagram, 2018, link ». Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Galleries and Slideshows.” WordPress Support, 2018, en.support.wordpress.com/gallery/.
“Project 1: Alphabet Blog.” New Media Sample Blog, 2011, newmediasampleblog.wordpress.com/2011/12/27/project-1-alphabet-blog/.

Concrete Poetry

IMAGE CREDITS

Nauman, Bruce. “The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths (Window or Wall Sign).” 1967. Image found at Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/31965.html?mulR=1553573511|1. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to increase contrast and create icon.
Scoble, Robert. “Birthplace of the Web (the computer that Tim Berners-Lee used to invent the World Wide Web).” Flickr, 2008, www.flickr.com/photos/35034363287@N01/2256358640/. CC-BY-2.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “SFTP icon from Dreamweaver UI.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Oskay, Windell. “hello, world.” Flickr, 2007, www.flickr.com/photos/oskay/472097903. CC-BY-2.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
TangenT ArT CollaboraTive. “first cut still from documentary video.” 2010. Image found at williamCromar, williamcromar.com/. © 2010 all rights reserved. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Ray, Man, with art direction by Duchamp, Marcel. “Rrose Sélavy (Marcel Duchamp).” 1921. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RroseSelavy.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Marinetti in CSS screencapture.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Concrete Poetry 2015 home page screencapture.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Work by students in a studio by the author.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Web Origins

IMAGE CREDITS

Scoble, Robert. ” Birthplace of the Web (the computer that Tim Berners-Lee used to invent the World Wide Web).” Flickr, 2008, www.flickr.com/photos/35034363287@N01/2256358640/. CC-BY-2.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

“Imagining the Internet’s Quick Look at the Early History of the Internet.” Elon University School of Communications, 2018, www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/early90s/internethistory.xhtml.
Lima, Manuel. visual complexity, 2018, www.visualcomplexity.com/vc/.
Berners-Lee, Tim. The World Wide Web Project, 1989, line-mode.cern.ch/www/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html.
Berners-Lee, Tim. “Information Management: A Proposal.” March 1989. Found at W3C, 2018, www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal-msw.html.
Packer, Randall and Jordan, Ken. Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality, 2001, www.w2vr.com/overture/overture.html.
The internet is shit, 2018, www.internetisshit.org/.
Rauch, Jennifer. “A new ritual: Unplugging for a day of rest.” Slow Media, March 2010. slowmedia.typepad.com/slow-media/2010/03/group-urges-unplugging-to-take-back-sabbath.html.
Nguyen-Okwu, Leslie. “The Revenge of Dial-Up Internet.” OZY, 13 February 2017, www.ozy.com/fast-forward/the-revenge-of-dial-up-internet/75471.

BOOK SOURCES

Burroughs, William. “The Future of the Novel (1964).” In Packer, Randall and Jordan, Ken. Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. W. W. Norton, 2001.

SFTP

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “SFTP icon from Dreamweaver UI.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Kunesh, Andrew. “The 7 Best Free FTP Apps for Your Mac.” appstorm, 29 November 2012, mac.appstorm.net/roundups/internet-roundup/top-7-free-ftp-clients-for-mac/.

Hello World

IMAGE CREDITS

Oskay, Windell. “hello, world.” Flickr, 2007, www.flickr.com/photos/oskay/472097903. CC-BY-2.0. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
“Emoticons: Puck.” 1881. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 12 June 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emoticons_Puck_1881.png. Public domain.
Bunting, Heath. “Natalie Bookchin Reconstructed.” Irational, 1989, www.irational.org/heath/imaging_natalie/. Fair use. Screencapture of webpage by author.
MTAA. “Simple Net Art Diagram.” 1997. Image found at MTAA-RR, 2018, www.mtaa.net/mtaaRR/off-line_art/snad.html. CC-BY-2.5.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Turnbull, Connor. “Using Metaphors in Web Design.” envatotuts+, 10 November 2011, webdesign.tutsplus.com/articles/design-theory/using-metaphors-in-web-design/.
“Emoticons Fun Text-Based Expressions.” PC.net, 2018, pc.net/emoticons/.
“Harvey Ball.” Wikipedia, 7 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Ball.
“Scott Fahlman.” Wikipedia, 7 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fahlman.
IconArchive, 2018, www.iconarchive.com/.
Valeanu, Andrian. “25 Free and Premium CSS3 Navigation & Menus.” designmodo, 2 March 2012, designmodo.com/css3-navigation-menus/.
“HTML Checkbox Code.” HTML.an, 2018, www.html.am/html-codes/forms/html-checkbox-code.cfm.
“Web Buttons Generator.” Vertical Response, 2018, buttons.verticalresponse.com/.
Index of /downloads/floss, 2018, www.digital-foundations.net/downloads/floss/.
wwwwwwwww.jodi.org, 1995, wwwwwwwww.jodi.org/.
Bunting, Heath. “Natalie Bookchin Reconstructed.” Irational, 1989, www.irational.org/heath/imaging_natalie/.
“Hacker.” Wikipedia, 15 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker.
Graham, Paul. “Hackers and Painters.” Paul Graham, 2003, www.paulgraham.com/hp.html.
cromarWilliam. hello world, 2018, www.personal.psu.edu/wrc11/helloworld/index.html. Based on exercise at burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
“WebKit.” Wikipedia, 15 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebKit.
The Hello World Collection, 2018, helloworldcollection.de/.
Linkoln, Abe. “complex net art diagram.” Rhizome, 12 April 2003, rhizome.org/community/26018/.
Linkoln, Abe. Linkoln.net, 2018, www.linkoln.net/.
williamCromar. “SFTP Protocols.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Video Mash HTML

IMAGE CREDITS

TangenT ArT CollaboraTive. “first cut still from documentary video.” 2010. Image found at williamCromar, williamcromar.com/. © 2010 all rights reserved. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

“The FRAME.” New Paradise Laboratories, 2018, www.newparadiselaboratories.org/.
TangenT ArT CollaboraTive. 709B, www.personal.psu.edu/wrc11/709b/index.html. © 2012 all rights reserved.
williamCromar. Rock Paper Scissors, 2018, personal.psu.edu/wrc11/rpc/index.html.
“YouTube Embedded Players and Player Parameters.” YouTube, 2018, developers.google.com/youtube/player_parameters.
“Rock Paper Scissors gif animation.” Buzzfeed, 2018, img.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeed-static/static/2016-05/11/12/enhanced/webdr11/anigif_enhanced-1899-1462983570-8.gif?downsize=715:*&output-format=auto&output-quality=auto%C2%BB.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Parody JS

IMAGE CREDITS

Ray, Man, with art direction by Duchamp, Marcel. “Rrose Sélavy (Marcel Duchamp).” 1921. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RroseSelavy.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Bosch, Hieronymous. “The Garden of Earthly Delights.” ca 1500-5. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 21 November 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_jard%C3%ADn_de_las_Delicias,_de_El_Bosco.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create detail view.
Bayard, Hippolyte. “Self Portrait as a Drowned Man.” 1840. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 December 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayard,_Hippolyte_1801-1887_-_Selfportrait_as_a_Drowned_man_1840.jpg. Public domain.
Boggs, J. S. G. “$1 FUNback.” 1998. Image found at Frumkin/Duval Gallery, 2000, artscenecal.com/ArtistsFiles/BoggsJSG/BoggsJSGFile/JSGBoggsD1.html. Fair use.
Leeson, Lynn Hershman. “DiNA.” 2004. Image found at Lynn Hershman Leeson, (expired image originally found at www.lynnhershman.com/project/artificial-intelligence/, no archive available). Fair use.
Evans, Walker. “Hale County, Alabama.” 1936. Image found at “Walker Evans.” Masters of Photography, 2018, masters-of-photography.com/E/evans/evans_hale_county.html. Fair use.
Levine, Sherri. “Untitled (After Walker Evans).” 1981. Image found at Media Art Net, 2018, www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/after-walker-evans/. Fair use.
Mandiberg, Michael. AfterSherrieLevine.com, 2001, www.aftersherrielevine.com/. Fair use. Screenshot of web page by author.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.

VIDEO CREDITS

Chaplin, Charlie. “The Great Dictator- Globe Scene.” Film, 1940. YouTube, 2006, youtu.be/IJOuoyoMhj8. Fair use.
Kubrick, Stanley. “Dr. Strangelove, or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb – Final Scene.” Film, 1964. YouTube, 2005, youtu.be/wxrWz9XVvls. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

The Yes Men. Survivaball, 2009, (domain expired, archive 2 January 2010 web.archive.org/web/20100102105618/http://www.survivaball.com/).
The Yes Men. George W. Bush for President, 2000, (domain expired, archive 10 May 2000 web.archive.org/web/20000510041439/http://gwbush.com:80/
Lambert, Steven. New York Times – Special Edition, 2009, (domain expired, archive 5 February 2009 web.archive.org/web/20090205070217/http://www.nytimes-se.com/).
The Yes Men. Share the Safety, 2016, sharethesafety.org/.
“Satire: Types of Satire.” Wikipedia, 9 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire#Types_of_Satire.
The Simpsons, 2018, www.thesimpsons.com/index.htm.
South Park, 2018, southpark.cc.com/.
“List of paintings by Hieronymous Bosch.” Wikipedia, 6 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.
“The Garden of Earthly Delights.” Wikipedia, 31 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights.
“José de Sigüenza.” Wikipedia, 28 April 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Sig%C3%BCenza.
Swift, Jonathan. “A y Chaucer.” Wikipedia, 13 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer.
ark Twain, 2018, www.cmgww.com/historic/twain/.
Kurt onnegut, 2018, www.vonnegut.com/home.
“Charlie Chaplin.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin.
“The Great Dictator.” Wikipedia, 9 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dictator.
“Stanley Kubrick.” Wikipedia, 11 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick.
“Mutual Assured Destruction.” Wikipedia, 9 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction.
“Dr. Strangelove.” Wikipedia, 29 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove.
Hunt, Craig. “Mocumentary.” Waikato University, (expired link, archive 20 February 2012 link »).
Reiner, Rob. “This is Spinal Tap.” 1984. IMDb, 2018, www.imdb.com/title/tt0088258/videogallery.
Charles, Larry. “Borat! Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan – Player Scene.” Film, 2006. YouTube, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgqtYwTj6Oo.
“A Hard Day’s Night (film).” Wikipedia, 24 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_%28film%29.
“Hippolyte Bayard.” Getty, asdf, www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1876.
“Banksy.” Wikipedia, 21 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy.
“Fountain (Duchamp).” Wikipedia, 10 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_%28Duchamp%29.
“Marcel Duchamp: Rrose Sélavy.” Wikipedia, 30 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp#Rrose_S%C3%A9lavy.
“Duchamp’s urinal tops art survey.” BBC News, 1 December 2004, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4059997.stm.
Skaggs, Joey. ” The Pissed Off Legacy of Duchamp.” The Art of the Prank, 2010, artoftheprank.com/2010/03/24/the-pissed-off-legacy-of-duchamp/.
Leckart, Steven. ” Wired‘s Guide to Hoaxes: How to Give — and Take — a Joke.” Wired, 24 August 2009, www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-09/mf_hoax?currentPage=1.
“Urban legend.” Wikipedia, 13 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legend.
Prager, Nancy. ” Good Poets Borrow, Great Poets Steal…” Protect | and | Leverage, 8 May 2007, nancyprager.wordpress.com/2007/05/08/good-poets-borrow-great-poets-steal/.
“Appropriation.” Tate, 2018, www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/appropriation.
“Plagiarism.” PSU Teaching and Learning with Technology, 2018, tlt.its.psu.edu/plagiarism/tutorial/definition.
Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” 1936. Marxist Literary Criticism, 2018, www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm.
Sahiner, Rifat. ” An Attempt to Understand the Copy Artists’ Works in Term of Ethics.” Rifat Sahiner, 2018, www.rifatsahiner.com/en/writings.html#_edn4.
“Richard Dawkins.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins.
“Meme.” Wikipedia, 7 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme.
“Memetics.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics.
“Douglas Hofstadter.” Wikipedia, 5 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter.
“Gödel, Escher, Bach.” Wikipedia, 27 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach.
“Viral video.” Wikipedia, 11 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video.
“Memetic engineering.” Wikipedia, 25 January 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic_engineering.
“Propaganda.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda.
The Landover Baptist Church, 2018, www.landoverbaptist.org/.
Dihydrogen Monoxide – DHMO Homepage, 2018, www.dhmo.org/.
United States Department of Art and Technology, 2005, www.usdat.us/
IBuyStrays.com, (expired domain, archive 16 June 2008, link »).
JibJab. “This Land.” 2004. YouTube, 2007, www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Q-sRdV7SY.
Google Gulp, 2011, archive.google.com/googlegulp/.
Identity Politics Outrage Generator, (domain expired, archive 2 October 2007, link »).
Donald J. Trump, 2018, www.donaldjtrump.com/.
williamCromar. Trump Putin, 2018, personal.psu.edu/wrc11/parody/.
Demers, Michael. Color Field Paintings, 2018, michaeldemers.com/colorFieldPaintings_browser/index.html.
“Rollover (web design).” Wikipedia, 6 May 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollover_(web_design).
“JavaScript.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascript.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

BOOK SOURCES

Cumming, Robert. Art Explained: The World’s Greatest Paintings Explored and Explained. DK Publishing, 2007, p. 98.
Duchamp, Marcel, from “The Creative Act,” lecture, April 1957, quoted in Lebel, Robert. Marcel Duchamp. Grove Press. 1959. p.78.
Salingar, Leo. Shakespeare and the Traditions of Comedy. Cambridge University Press, 1974, p. 245.
Gómez, Isabel Mateo. “Hieronymus Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights”. In Gaillard, J. and M. Hieronymus Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights. Clarkson N. Potter, 1989, p. 22.
T.S. Eliot. “Philip Massinger.” The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. 1922. Quoted in Prager, Nancy. “Good Poets Borrow, Great Poets Steal….” Protect | and | Leverage, 2007, http://nancyprager.wordpress.com/2007/05/08/good-poets-borrow-great-poets-steal/.

Marinetti CSS

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “4dMediaLogo.png.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Image modified by author for color as 4dMedia icon. Original image found at http://www.metaphorical.org/poetics/images/Filippo-Tommaso-Marinetti_from-Dunes_2-pages_1914.jpg (link expired, no archive available). Public domain.
Marinetti, F.T. “Dunes.” 1914. Original image found at http://www.metaphorical.org/poetics/images/Filippo-Tommaso-Marinetti_from-Dunes_2-pages_1914.jpg (link expired, no archive available). Public domain.
williamCromar. “Marinetti in CSS screencapture.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Eames, Charles and Ray. “Eames House: Case Study House No. 8.” 1949. Image found at Wiiii. “File:Eames House0.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 4 February 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eames_House0.jpg. CC-BY-2.0 license claimed at Wikimedia Commons, although the image is a faithful reproduction of a work under copyright, therefore author claims fair use.
Weintraub, Annette. “One Text Many Stories.” 2009. Annette Weintraub, 2018, www.annetteweintraub.com/. Fair use. Screencapture of web page by author.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Form follows function.” Wikipedia, 28 April 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_follows_function.
A List Apart, 2018, www.alistapart.com/.
Philadelphia Craig’s List, 2018, philadelphia.craigslist.org/.
williamCromar. Basic CSS, 2018, www.personal.psu.edu/wrc11/basic_css/. Based on exercise at burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
williamCromar. “SFTP Protocols.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
Wood, Brian. “Understanding CSS Basics.” Adobe, 2010, link ».
Kyrnin, Jennifer. “How to Style Links With CSS.” Lifewire, 24 June 2018, www.lifewire.com/styling-links-with-css-3466838.
“CSS Tutorial.” w3schools, 2018, www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp.
Reisinger, Don. “Internet Explorer’s Slow, Agonizing Death Accelerates.” 12 January 2016, fortune.com/2016/01/12/internet-explorer-death/.
“CSS transform property.” w3schools, 2018, www.w3schools.com/cssref/css3_pr_transform.asp.
“Transforms.” westciv, 2018, westciv.com/tools/transforms/index.html.
Mineur, Etienne. “words in freedom.” etienne_mineur | archives, 15 November 2006, www.my-os.net/blog/index.php?2006/11/15/570-le-manifeste-du-futurisme/.
Google Translate, 2018, translate.google.com/.
Kennedy, Randy. ” Need Talent to Exhibit in Museums? Not This Prankster.” The New York Times, 24 March 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/03/24/arts/design/need-talent-to-exhibit-in-museums-not-this-prankster.html?_r=0.
“Banksy carrying a wrapped painting…” The New York Times, 2005, www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2005/03/23/arts/20050324_ARTI_SLIDESHOW_1.html.
“A Wooster Exclusive: Banksy Hits New York’s Most Famous Museums (All Of.” Wooster Collective, 23 March 2005, www.woostercollective.com/post/a-wooster-exclusive-banksy-hits-new-yorks-most-famous-museums-all-of.
williamCromar. Excerpt from Dunes by F. T. Marinetti, 2018, link ».
williamCromar. Marinetti in Typeset and CSS, 2018, link ».
Floatutorial, 2018, css.maxdesign.com.au/floatutorial/.
“Le Corbusier.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier.
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blueprint, 2018, www.blueprintcss.org/.
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WordPress, 2018, wordpress.org/.
Joomla, 2018, www.joomla.org/.
Drupal, 2018, drupal.org/.
Weebly, 2018, www.weebly.com/.
Wix, 2018, www.wix.com/.
Squarespace, 2018, www.squarespace.com/.
PBWorks, 2018, www.pbworks.com/.
CSS Zen Garden, 2018, www.csszengarden.com/.
Annette Weintraub, 2018, www.annetteweintraub.com/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Concrete Poetry Interact Project

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Concrete Poetry 2015 home page screencapture.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Work by students in a studio by the author.
Marus, Hrabanus. “De adoratione crucis ab opifice / De Laudibus Sanctae Crucis.” 1605. Image found at UbuWeb, 2018, www.ubu.com/historical/early/early01.html. Public domain.
Rhodius, Simias. “Wings of Eros in Theocritus / Eidullia Theokritou Triakonta.” 325 B.C. Image found at UbuWeb, 2018, www.ubu.com/historical/early/early02.html. Public domain.
Appolinaire. “Vase from The Stunned Dove and The Water Jet from Calligrams: Poems of Peace and War.” 1913-16. Image found at Electronic Poetry Center, 2018, writing.upenn.edu/library/Apollinaire_Calligrammes.html. Public domain.
cummings, e. e. “XLV.” 1925. Image found at suzuki, hiromi. microjournal, 4 December 2010, orange.s48.xrea.com/mt/archives/cat_booksmagazines.html#002427. Fair use.
Carroll, Lewis. “The Mouse’s Tale.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 16 August 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TheMousesTale.svg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to correct color.
Cobbing, Bob. “Music for Dancing.” 1971. Image found at “Bob Cobbing.” Concrete Death, 2008, sites.google.com/site/concretedeath/home/concrete-poets/bob-cobbing. Fair use.
bpNichol. “Blues” 1974. Image found at bpNichol.ca, 2018, bpnichol.ca/. Fair use.
Picabia, Francis. “Cantharides.” 1918. Image found at “Picabia’s poems.” disasturbation, 28 September 2011, disasturbation.wordpress.com/2011/09/28/938/. Public domain.
Cage, John. “mesostic.” 1967. Image found at “A Century of Poetic Experimentation.” Escáner Cultural, May 2000, www.escaner.cl/escaner18/acorreo.html. Fair use.
Touchon, Cecil. “Visual Poetry: Fusion Series.” 2008. Image found at Cecil Touchon (domain expired, archive 4 April 2011, link ». Fair use.
Nauman, Bruce. “The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths (Window or Wall Sign).” 1967. Image found at Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2018, https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/31965.html?mulR=1553573511|1. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to increase contrast.
Kolář, Jiří. “Shoe with Dedication.” 1986. Image found at “At the Museum with Jiří Kolář.” The Historialist of Shoes and Shoemakers, 7 October 2011, www.thehistorialist.com/2011/10/historialist-at-museum-walk-with-jiri.html. Fair use.
Kosuth, Joseph. “a labyrinth into which I can venture (a play of works by guests and foreigners).” 2006. Image found at Robinson, Walter. “Weekend Update.” ArtNet, 10 October 2006, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/robinson/robinson10-30-06.asp. Fair use.
Xisto, Pedro. “epithalamium.” 1969. Image found at UbuWeb, 2018, www.ubu.com/historical/xisto/xisto1.html. Fair use.
Pignatari, Décio. “LIFE.” 1957. Image found at Studying sonorous art, 1 May 2011, estudosartesonora.blogspot.com/2011/05/decio-pignatari-haroldo-de-campos-e.html. Fair use.
“LIFE magazine logo.” 1936. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 14 July 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LIFE_magazine_logo.svg. Fair use.
de Campos, Augusto. “Luxo Lixo.” 1965. Image found at Nichols, Cindy. English 323 Creative Writing, 2016, www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~cinichol/CreativeWriting/323/Concrete-Poetry-5.gif. Fair use.
de Campos, Augusto. “Luxo Lixo installation.” 1965. Image found at “Concrete Poetry.” Augusto and Haroldo de Campos: Constellations, 4 June 2018, constelacioncultural.com/augusto-y-haroldo-constelados/. Fair use.
Gomringer, Eugen. “Silence.” 1968. Image found at knotek, anatol. Visual Poetry, 2018, visual-poetry.tumblr.com/post/52283423160/schweigensilence-by-eugen-gomringer-from. Fair use.
Furneval, John. “The Tower of Babel.” 1964. Image found at John Furneval, 2018, www.johnfurnival.com/. Fair use.
Finlay, Ian Hamilton. “Poster Poem.” 1964. Image found at Mottram, Alice. “Revolutionising the written word.” The Cambridge Student, 6 February 2015, www.tcs.cam.ac.uk/art/0033685-revolutionising-the-written-word.html. Fair use.
Mayer, Herbert. ” .” 1962-3. Image found at Emr, John. “Hansjörg Mayer & “alphabet”…” Peter Schmidt’s Web Blog, 22 May 2010, peterschmidtweb.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_22.html. Fair use.
Belloli, Carlo. “acqua.” 1961. Image found at “soundimage.” Artpool, 2018, www.artpool.hu/Poetry/soundimage/Belloli.html. Fair use.
Johnson, James. “A Thousand Words.” 1991. Image found at A Thousand Words, 2018, spot.colorado.edu/~johnsoja/1KWords.html. Fair use. Screencapture by author.

WEB SOURCES

Garrod, Ray. “Typography in Art, Part 1.” Retrographic Design, retrographicdesign.com/typography-in-art-part-1/ (expired domain, no archive available).
“Concrete poetry.” Wikipedia, 26 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_poetry.
“Historical Index.” UbuWeb, 2018, www.ubu.com/historical/index.html.
“Early Visual Poetry.” UbuWeb, 2018, www.ubu.com/historical/early/index.html.
“Rhyme scheme.” Wikipedia, 14 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme_scheme.
CSS Warp, 2018, csswarp.eleqtriq.com/.
“John Cage’s Mesostics.” electronic writing II @ brown university, 2006, www.arras.net/brown_ewriting/?p=50.
Solt, Mary Ellen. “Typography in the Visual Poem.” UbuWeb Papers, 2018, www.ubu.com/papers/solt/typo.html.
Goldsmith, Kenneth. “From (Command) Line to (Iconic) Constellation.” UbuWeb Papers, 2018, www.ubu.com/papers/goldsmith_command.html.
Knowles, Alison, and Tenney, James. “A House of Dust.” 1967. Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, 15 February 2010, beinecke.library.yale.edu/about/blogs/room-26-cabinet-curiosities/2010/02/15/house-dust.
PennSound, 2018, writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/.
Electronic Literature Organization, 2018, eliterature.org/.
“Prehistoric Digital Poetry.” Wikipedia, 11 August 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Digital_Poetry.
“Reading Room.” Eastgate Systems, 2001, www.eastgate.com/ReadingRoom.html
“Contemporary.” UbuWeb, 2018, www.ubu.com/contemp/.
Watchout4snakes, 2018, watchout4snakes.com/wo4snakes/.
Visual Thesaurus, 2018, www.visualthesaurus.com/.
“Fonts.” WebAIM, 2018, www.webaim.org/techniques/fonts/.
Typetester, 2018, www.typetester.org/.
“Quality Assurance.” Juicy Studio, 2018, juicystudio.com/services.php.
westciv, 2018, westciv.com/.
CSS Text Wrap, 2018, www.csstextwrap.com/index.php.
“Webfont Generator.” Font Squirrel, 2018, www.fontsquirrel.com/fontface/generator.
“CSS Image Rollovers.” WebVamp, (domain expired, archive 12 May 2015 link »).
Menkman, Rosa. Sunshine in My Throat, 14 January 2017, rosa-menkman.blogspot.com/.
Nichol, Cindy. “A Sampling of New Media Literature From Antiquity to the 21st Century.” North Dakota State University, 2018, www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~cinichol/CreativeWriting/323/NewMediaPresentation.htm.

BOOK SOURCES

Burroughs, William. “The Future of the Novel (1964).” In Packer, Randall and Jordan, Ken. Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. W. W. Norton, 2001.

Art Machine

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “infinitely indestructible object gif loop.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Interactive animation appropriating Ray, Man. “Indestructible Object (or Object to Be Destroyed, or Object of Destruction).” 1964 replica of 1923 original. Image found at MoMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/81209. Fair use.
Cardy, Nic, and Wood, Tatjana. “The Flash Vol. 1 #227 cover art.” June 1974. Image found at “DC Database.” Fandom, 2018, http://dc.wikia.com/wiki/The_Flash_Vol_1_227. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Bouncing ball flipbook gif.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Created using “Flipbook!”. BennetonPlay, 2018, www.benettonplay.com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/guest.php.
“JavaScript logo.” Wikimedia Commons, 7 November 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unofficial_JavaScript_logo_2.svg. Public domain.
Eggeling, Viking. “Symphonie Diagonale still.” 1924. Image found at “The First Masterpieces of Abstract Film: Hans Richter’s Rhythmus 21 (1921) & Viking Eggeling’s Symphonie Diagonale (1924).” Open Culture, 2016, www.openculture.com/2016/03/masterpieces-of-abstract-film-hans-richters-rhythmus-21-1921-viking-eggelings-symphonie-diagonale-1924.html. Direct link to image at cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/20212055/Symphonie-diagonale.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Richter, Hans. “Rhythmus 21 still.” 1921. Image found at “(Mid to High level) Movement, rhythm and form and cinema.” The Whiteboard, 18 August 2016, gabrielwhiteboard.blogspot.com/2016/08/movement-rythmn-and-form-and-cinema.html. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
“Spacewar! screencapture.” Image found at “Play Spacewar!” mass:werk media environments, 2018, www.masswerk.at/spacewar/. Fair use. Screencapture by author formatted for icon.
Duchamp, Marcel. “Anemic Cinema Rotorelief looping gif.” 1926. Animation found at “thefinalimage.” Tumblr, 31 July 2013, thefinalimage.tumblr.com/post/56973756566/anemic-cinema-1-1926-dir-marcel-duchamp. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “infinitely indestructible object interactive.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Interactive appropriating the following:
- Ray, Man. “Indestructible Object (or Object to Be Destroyed, or Object of Destruction).” 1964 replica of 1923 original. Image found at MoMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/81209. Fair use.
- “Ball peen hammer.” Image found at “Sawstainability.” Wake Forest University, 2018, www.wfu.edu/stories/2017/sawstainability/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Introuduction to JavaScript.” Codecademy, 2018, www.codecademy.com/learn/introduction-to-javascript.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“JavaScript Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/JavaScript-tutorials/JavaScript-Essential-Training/81266-2.html.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.
Leetaru, Kalev. “Is Social Media Becoming Too Toxic?” Forbes, 19 July 2018, www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2018/07/19/is-social-media-becoming-too-toxic/#58d6afcd4f0c.
Claypoole, Theodore F. “Privacy and Social Media.” American Bar Association, 3 January 2014, www.americanbar.org/publications/blt/2014/01/03a_claypoole.html.

BOOK SOURCES

Haverbeke, Marjin. Eloquent Javascript: a Modern Introduction to Programming. O’Reilly Media, 2018. Online resource link ».

Death of Flash

IMAGE CREDITS

Cardy, Nic, and Wood, Tatjana. “The Flash Vol. 1 #227 cover art.” June 1974. Image found at “DC Database.” Fandom, 2018, http://dc.wikia.com/wiki/The_Flash_Vol_1_227. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
“The Evolution of the Flash Logo.” StreamShark, 31 March 2017, streamshark.io/blog/birth-and-death-of-flash/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Flash (Barry Allen).” Wikipedia, 13 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen).
Cameron. “The Birth and Death of Flash.” StreamShark, 31 March 2017, streamshark.io/blog/birth-and-death-of-flash/.
Jobs, Steve. “Thoughts on Flash.” Apple, April 2010, www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughts-on-flash/.
“Flash and the Future of Interactive Content.” Adobe, 25 July 2017, theblog.adobe.com/adobe-flash-update/.
Barrett, Brian. “Adobe Finally Kills Flash Dead.” Wired, 25 July 2017, www.wired.com/story/adobe-finally-kills-flash-dead/.
Sharwood, Simon. “Petition calls for Adobe Flash to survive as open source zombie.” The Register, 31 July 2017, www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/31/petition_to_open_source_adobe_flash/.
“open source flash.” GitHub, 30 July 2017, github.com/open-source-flash/open-source-flash.
Michaels, Phillip. “The Island of Misfit Mac Products.” Macworld, 1 December 2000, www.macworld.com/article/1015782/07misfits.html.
Helicopter Game, 2018, www.helicoptergame.net/.

Flip Book

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Bouncing ball flipbook gif.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Created using “Flipbook!”. BennetonPlay, 2018, www.benettonplay.com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/guest.php.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar and Cromar, Alyson. “Alyson Saves the Day!” YouTube, 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVtpc1OLV-c.
Bell, Jamie Francis. “A Brief History of Pretty Much Everything.” YouTube, 2010, youtu.be/gNYZH9kuaYM.

WEB SOURCES

“Flip book.” Wikipedia, 4 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_book.
“Persistence of vision.” Wikipedia, 15 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_of_vision.
“Flipbook!”. BennetonPlay, 2018, www.benettonplay.com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/guest.php.
“Flipbook: Animate!” Apple App Store Preview, 2018, itunes.apple.com/us/app/flipbook-animate/id1322253315?mt=8.
“Ball Drop.” The Acme Network, 2018, media.acmeanimation.org/Media/Challenges/35102//Image_1_Large_v1.jpg.

Rhythm

IMAGE CREDITS

Eggeling, Viking. “Symphonie Diagonale still.” 1924. Image found at “The First Masterpieces of Abstract Film: Hans Richter’s Rhythmus 21 (1921) & Viking Eggeling’s Symphonie Diagonale (1924).” Open Culture, 2016, www.openculture.com/2016/03/masterpieces-of-abstract-film-hans-richters-rhythmus-21-1921-viking-eggelings-symphonie-diagonale-1924.html. Direct link to image at cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/20212055/Symphonie-diagonale.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

AUDIO CREDITS

“Excerpt from ‘Yeah Yeah (D.Ramirez Dub Mix)’ by Bodyrox.” Wikipedia, 16 October 2012, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodyrox-YeahYeah-DRamirezDub-sample.ogg. Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

Eggeling, Viking. “Symphonie Diagonale.” 1924. Internet Archive, 2017, archive.org/details/SymphonieDiagonale. Public domain.
Fischinger, Oskar. “Spirals.” 1924. Internet Archive, 2018, archive.org/details/192426OskarFischingerSpirals. Public domain.
Smith, Harry. “No. 5: Circular Tensions, Homage to Oskar Fischinger (1950) and No. 7: Color Study (1952).” 1950-2. YouTube, 2006, www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrZxw1Jb9vA.

ANIMATION CREDITS

williamCromar. “Rhythm animation.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Based on exercise at burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

“Animate CC is HERE!” Adobe, 2 August 2016, blogs.adobe.com/animate/animate-cc-is-here/.
Barrett, Brian. “Adobe Flash is Dead in Name Only.” Wired, 12 January 2015, www.wired.com/2015/12/adobe-flash-is-dead-in-name-only/.
Kahney, Leander. ” Adobe: There’s No Flash on iPad Because Apple Is Protecting Content Revenue.” Cult of Mac, 29 January 2010, www.cultofmac.com/28564/adobe-theres-no-flash-on-ipad-because-apple-is-protecting-content-revenue/.
Barrett, Brian. “Fash. Must. Die.” Wired, 15 July 2015, www.wired.com/2015/07/adobe-flash-player-die/.
Jobs, Steve. “Thoughts on Flash.” Apple, April 2010, www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughts-on-flash/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Pacing

IMAGE CREDITS

Richter, Hans. “Rhythmus 21 still.” 1921. Image found at “(Mid to High level) Movement, rhythm and form and cinema.” The Whiteboard, 18 August 2016, gabrielwhiteboard.blogspot.com/2016/08/movement-rythmn-and-form-and-cinema.html. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO CREDITS

Richter, Hans. “Rhythmus 21.” 1921. Internet Archive, 2010, archive.org/details/Rhythmus21. Public domain.
Schwartz, Lillian. “UFO’s.” 1971. At “Selected Art Films & Documentaries.” Lillian F. Schwartz, 2018, lillian.com/category/selected-art-films-documentaries/. Fair use.

INTERACTIVE CREDITS

Victor, Ezekiel. “Old Fashioned Metronome in AngularJS, HTML5, and CSS3.” Strength in Numbers, 2012, victorblog.com/metronome/.

ANIMATION CREDITS

williamCromar. “Pacing animation.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Based on exercise at burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

Victor, Ezekiel. “Old Fashioned Metronome in AngularJS, HTML5, and CSS3.” Strength in Numbers, 2012, victorblog.com/2012/12/31/old-fashioned-metronome-in-angularjs-html5-and-css3/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Interactivity

IMAGE CREDITS

“Spacewar! screencapture.” Image found at “Play Spacewar!” mass:werk media environments, 2018, www.masswerk.at/spacewar/. Fair use. Screencapture by author formatted for icon.
Ito, Joi. “Spacewar! running on PDP-1.” Flickr, 12 May 2007, www.flickr.com/photos/35034362831@N01/494431001/. CC-BY-2.0.
“Red Bubbles Wallpaper.” 7Themes, 2013, 7-themes.com/6807671-red-bubbles-wallpaper.html. Fair use.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations cover.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0. Image cropped by author to create icon.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

INTERACTIVE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Interactive animation.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Based on exercise at burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Digital Foundations.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

“Play Spacewar!” mass:werk media environments, 2018, www.masswerk.at/spacewar/.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page. (Note: Very little of the interactive exercise workflow for coding at Chapter 20 survived the death of Flash, but the author’s exercise still draws primary inspiration from the original).

Art Machine Animate Project

IMAGE CREDITS

Duchamp, Marcel. “Anemic Cinema Rotorelief looping gif.” 1926. Animation found at “thefinalimage.” Tumblr, 31 July 2013, thefinalimage.tumblr.com/post/56973756566/anemic-cinema-1-1926-dir-marcel-duchamp. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Duchamp, Marcel. “Broyeuse de Chocolat” 1914. Image found at Kegler, R. “The Chocolate Grinder, an element of the Large Glass.” p22.com, (expired domain, archive 26 July 1997, link »). Public domain.
Holliday, Joe. “Basil Bisulfate.” 2010. Image found at Santoso, Alex. “Joe Holliday.” Neatorama, 27 May 2010, www.neatorama.com/art/2010/05/27/joe-holliday/. Fair use.
Creed, Martin. “Work No. 189.” 1998. Image found at CAW Inventory, 2015, www.cawinventory.com/works/martin-creed-work-no-189-thirty-nine-metronomes-beating-time-one-at-every-speed-1998/. Fair use.
Tinguely, Jean. “Homage to New York.” 1960. Image found at Roses in the Closet, October 2009, link ». Fair use.
Tinguely, Jean. “Méta-Matic No. 6.” 1959. Image found at “ART MACHINES MACHINE ART: The Museum turns into a production hall…” Art of the Day, 2008, www.art-of-the-day.info/a5616-art-machines-machine-art-the-museum-turns-into-a-production-hall.html. Fair use.
Jones, Mark. “Variations on the Large Glass’s Chocolate Grinder.” 2000. Image found at toutfait.com, 1 May 2000, updated 10 May 2016, www.toutfait.com/variations-on-the-large-glasss-chocolate-grinder/. Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

Duchamp, Marcel. “Anemic Cinema.” 1926. Internet Archive, 2012, archive.org/details/anemicCinema1926. Fair use.
Painleve, Jean. “Le Cirque de Calder.” 1955. YouTube, 2008, youtu.be/t6jwnu8Izy0. Fair use.
Fischli, Peter, and Weiss, David. “The Way Things Go.” 1987. YouTube, 2009, youtu.be/GXrRC3pfLnE. Fair use.

INTERACTIVE CREDITS

Manetas, Miltos. jacksonpollock.org, 2018, www.jacksonpollock.org/. Current status of site forces download of SWF file, however archive versions (such as 19 January 2017 link ») will still play in browsers still supporting Flash. Embed of SWF in this wiki simply allows browser playability until Flash is no longer supported in 2020. Fair use.
williamCromar. “infinitely indestructible object interactive.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Interactive appropriating the following:
- Ray, Man. “Indestructible Object (or Object to Be Destroyed, or Object of Destruction).” 1964 replica of 1923 original. Image found at MoMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/81209. Fair use.
- “Ball peen hammer.” Image found at “Sawstainability.” Wake Forest University, 2018, www.wfu.edu/stories/2017/sawstainability/. Fair use.
ALL OTHER INTERACTIVES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student works from studios by the author.

WEB SOURCES

Duchamp, Marcel. Quoted in “CAD Text -Computer Aided Duchamp.” p22.com (link expired, archive 20 November 2011 link »).
Blue, Violet. Art Machines, 2009, artmachines.org/.
“Jean Tinguely.” Wikipedia, 12 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tinguely.
“Rube Goldberg.” Wikipedia, 5 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Goldberg.
“Métamatic.” Wikipedia, 4 July 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tamatic.
Solfrank, Cornelia. Net Art Generator, 2018, net.art-generator.com/.
“Wafaa Bilal.” Wikipedia, 2 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafaa_Bilal.
Bilal, Wafaa. 3rdi, 2011, www.3rdi.me/.
“Object to Be Destroyed.” Wikipedia, 1 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_to_Be_Destroyed.
Skinner, Grant. CreateJS, 2018, www.createjs.com/:
- “EaselJS.” www.createjs.com/easeljs.
- “EaselJS Module.” www.createjs.com/docs/easeljs/modules/EaselJS.html.
- “EaselJS Demos.” www.createjs.com/demos/easeljs/spritesheet.
- “Downloads.” www.createjs.com/downloads./
- “TweenJS.” www.createjs.com/tweenjs.
Skinner, Grant. “CreateJS.” GitHub, 2018, github.com/CreateJS.
CodePen, 2018, codepen.io/.
GitHub, 2018, github.com/.
StackOverflow, 2018, stackoverflow.com/.
JSFiddle, 2018, jsfiddle.net/.
Becker, Alan. “Animator vs. Animation.” 2006. Deviant Art, rowse.deviantart.com/flash/#/dkdywx.

BOOK SOURCES

Duchamp, Marcel, from “The Creative Act,” lecture, April 1957, quoted in Lebel, Robert. Marcel Duchamp. Grove Press. 1959. p.78.

Very Interesting

IMAGE CREDITS

Muybridge, Eadweard. “Human and Animal Locomotion, plate 624, ‘Daisy’ galloping.” 1887. Image found as animated sequence by Waugsberg. “File:Muybridge horse gallop animated 2.gif.” Wikimedia Commons, 7 May 2015, /commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muybridge_horse_gallop_animated_2.gif. Public domain.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
Ippolito, Jon and Blais, Joline. “At the Edge of Art cover art.” 2006. Image found at At the Edge of Art, 2018, at-the-edge-of-art.com/index.php. Fair use.
“Clapper icon.” Imgur, 2018, imgur.com/gallery/jeuQH. Fair use.
williamCromar. “‘Face’ video still.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Work by student form studio by author.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Premiere Pro CC 2017 Essential Training: The Basics.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Premiere-Pro-tutorials/Premiere-Pro-CC-2017-Essential-Training-Basics/585268-2.html.

Do It Yourself

IMAGE CREDITS

Ippolito, Jon and Blais, Joline. “At the Edge of Art cover art.” 2006. Image found at At the Edge of Art, 2018, at-the-edge-of-art.com/index.php. Fair use.
Dürer, Albrecht. “Adam and Eve.” 1507. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 29 January 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_(Prado)_2.jpg. Public domain.
Arcimboldo, Giuseppe. “Portrait of Eve.” 1578. Image found at WikiArt, 8 December 2016, www.wikiart.org/en/giuseppe-arcimboldo/portrait-of-eve-1578. Public domain.
Mondrian, Piet. “Blossoming Apple Tree.” 1912. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 4 July 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blossoming_apple_tree,_by_Piet_Mondriaan.jpg. Public domain.
Escher, M. C. “Rind.” 1955. Image found at M. C. Escher, 2018, www.mcescher.com/gallery/recognition-success/rind/. Fair use.
O’Keefe, Georgia. “Red apple on blue plate.” 1921. Image found at ArtNet, 2018, artnet.com/artists/georgia-okeeffe/red-apple-on-blue-plate-K09xY2sbVVC2lgTDtUhkdQ2. Fair use.
Mignon, Abraham. “Fruit Still-Life with Squirrel and Goldfinch.” ca 1670. Image found at Web Gallery of Art, 2018, www.wga.hu/html_m/m/mignon/still_3.html. Public domain.
Magritte, Rene. “The Listening Room.” 1952. Image found at Rene Magritte, 2018, www.renemagritte.org/the-listening-room.jsp#prettyPhoto. Fair use.
Magritte, Rene. “The Son of Man.” 1946. Image found at Rene Magritte, 2018, www.renemagritte.org/the-son-of-man.jsp. Fair use.
Warhol, Andy. “Apple.” 1983. Image found at “2015-085 Andy Warhol.” Image found at Hwang Young-Chan, 2008, dmoo.tistory.com/entry/2015085-Andy-Warhol-%EC%95%A4%EB%94%94%EC%9B%8C%ED%99%80. Fair use.
Cézanne, Paul. “Still Life with Apples.” 1890. Image found at “Cézanne, Paul: Still Life galleria.” WebMuseum Paris, 2002, www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/cezanne/sl/. Public domain.
Picasso, Pablo. “Carafe, Jug and Fruit Bowl.” 1909. Image found at Guggenheim Collection Online, 2018, www.guggenheim.org/artwork/3425. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

Ippolito, Jon and Blais, Joline. At the Edge of Art, 2018, at-the-edge-of-art.com/index.php.
“Semiotics.” Wikipedia, 10 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics.
“Sign (semiotics).” Wikipedia, 9 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_%28semiotics%29.
williamCromar. “Semiotics for Art.” newMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/127804371/semioticsForArt.
williamCromar. “The Moving Image 2.” newMediaAbington, 2015, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/27196458/The%20Moving%20Image%202.
“Do it yourself.” Wikipedia, 12 August 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_it_yourself.
“Arts and Crafts movement.” Wikipedia, 10 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement.
“John Ruskin.” Wikipedia, 13 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin.
“William Morris.” Wikipedia, 14 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris.
“DIY ethic.” Wikipedia, 5 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_ethic.
Dean, Michael W. “D.I.Y. or DIE.” YouTube, 2006, www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDE5vvs1WxY. Eight part documentary: follow links from first video to see full work.
Ippolito, Jon. “Canon Fodder: Why Distributed Culture Makes Academics Nervous.” Three.org, 2018, www.three.org/ippolito/writing/canon_fodder/.
“Linux.” Wikipedia, 14 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux.
“Walled garden.” Wikipedia, 13 May 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_garden.
“Tim Cook.” Wikipedia, 13 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Cook.
Vimeo, 2018, www.vimeo.com/.

Production Folder

IMAGE CREDITS

“Clapper icon.” Imgur, 2018, imgur.com/gallery/jeuQH. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Four sketches: robot study, turtle-bird hybrid, eye, face reference concept art.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student sketches from studio by author.
“Hollywood Shot Designer screencapture.” Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/shot-designer.html. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Storyboard concept art.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student sketch from studio by author.
“A typical dope sheet.” Centre for Animation & Interactive Media, 2018, minyos.its.rmit.edu.au/aim/a_notes/dopesheet_eg.html. Fair use.
“Animation timeline.” Animation World Network, 7 May 2007, www.awn.com/forum/thread/1010155. Fair use.
“A Camera Diagram That Makes Itself.” Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/shot-designer.html. Fair use.
“A Shot List That Writes Itself.” Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/shot-designer.html. Fair use.

VIDEO CREDITS

“Skinner Parcel Service_Storyboard.” Youtube, 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-tA97mWONc. Student work from a studio by the author.

WEB SOURCES

Concept Art World, 2018, conceptartworld.com/.
“Learn Concept Art.” CG Cookie, 2018, cgcookie.com/concept/.
Autodesk Sketchbook, 2018, sketchbook.com/.
Concepts, 2018, concepts.tophatch.com/en/.
ArtRage, 2018, www.artrage.com/.
Canfi, Netta. “What is a Storyboard?” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/what-is-a-storyboard.html.
Canfi, Netta. “Exposure Sheet Template – Free Downloads.” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/storyboard-template.html.
Canfi, Netta. “What is a Storyboard?” The Flying Animator, 2017, www.the-flying-animator.com/exposure-sheet-template.html.
Hollywood Camera Work, 2018, www.hollywoodcamerawork.us/sd_videos.html.

Very Interesting Video Project

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “‘Face’ video still.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Work by student form studio by author.

VIDEO CREDITS

Richter, Hans. “Inflation.” 1929. Internet Archive, 2011, archive.org/details/Inflation1929. Public domain.
Richter, Hans. “Filmstudie.” 1925. Internet Archive, 2009, archive.org/details/Filmstudie1925. Public domain.
Ray, Man. ” Return to Reason [Le Retour a la Raison].” 1923. Internet Archive, 2012, archive.org/details/returnToReasonleRetourLaRaison1923. Public domain.
Georgeson, Bob. “If It Glitches, Scratch It.” 2017. Internet Archive, 2018, archive.org/details/IfItGlitchesScratchIt. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
Georgeson, Bob. “We Walk This Path.” 2018. Internet Archive, 2018, archive.org/details/WeWalkThisPath. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.
williamCromar. “Hall of Fame.” Student works from studios by the author:
- YouTube, 2017, youtu.be/ZgAW0bJrlEk.
- Vimeo, 2015, vimeo.com/126996267.
- Vimeo, 2014, vimeo.com/93498084.
- Vimeo, 2014, vimeo.com/94455099.
- YouTube, 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ckh1uFC1ZkI.

WEB SOURCES

“Free Media Library.” Media Commons, 2018, mediacommons.psu.edu/free-media-library/.
“CC Search.” Creative Commons, 2018, search.creativecommons.org/.
soundeffects+, 2018, www.soundeffectsplus.com/.
freesound, 2018, www.freesound.org/.
FindSounds, 2018, findsounds.com/.
SoundCloud, 2018, soundcloud.com/search/sounds?q%5Bcc_licensed%5D=true.
Free Music Archive, 2018, freemusicarchive.org/.
Jamendo, 2018, www.jamendo.com/search?q=en.
“Audio Archive.” Internet Archive, 2018, archive.org/details/audio.
“Search.” Vimeo, 2018, vimeo.com/search?q=&advanced=1.
“Moving Image Archive.” Internet Archive, 2018, archive.org/details/movies.
“Advanced Search.” Flickr, 2018, www.flickr.com/search/advanced/.
Vine, 2018, vine.co/.
Weeks, Clayton. “How to check if a website is safe.” AVG Threat Labs, 12 December 2017, www.avgthreatlabs.com/website-safety-reports/.
KeepVid, 2018, keepvid.com/.
CatchVideo, 2018, catchvideo.net/.
SaveFrom.net. 2018, en.savefrom.net/.
Soundcloud-download, 2018, www.soundcloud-download.com/.

Praxis

IMAGE CREDITS

“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Semiotic Square schema.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/.
Lozano-Hemmer, Rafael. “Pulse Room.” 2006. Image found at “Pulse Room.” Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, 2018, www.lozano-hemmer.com/pulse_room.php. Fair use.
Oursler, Tony. “Peak.” 2010. Image found at “Peak.” Tony Oursler, 2018, www.tonyoursler.space/peak-new-york/. Fair use.
Wodiczko, Krzysztof. “The Tijuana Projection.” 2001. Image found at Art21, 2018, art21.org/gallery/krzysztof-wodiczko-artwork-survey-2000s/#6. Fair use.

Project Statement

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Semiotic Square schema.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/.
williamCromar. “Curriculum diagram.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. “Default Learning Contract.” Google Docs, 2018, link ».
Powers, John. “The Future of Art: Rosalind Krauss is a Jedi.” Star Wars Modern, 18 June 2010, starwarsmodern.blogspot.com/2010/06/future-of-art-rosalind-krauss-is-jedi.html.

BOOK SOURCES

Krauss, Rosalind. “Sculpture in the Expanded Field.” October, vol. 8, 1979, p. 30., doi:10.2307/778224. Online sourcelink ».

Heuristics

IMAGE CREDITS

Lozano-Hemmer, Rafael. “Pulse Room.” 2006. Image found at “Pulse Room.” Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, 2018, www.lozano-hemmer.com/pulse_room.php. Fair use.

Progress

IMAGE CREDITS

Oursler, Tony. “Peak.” 2010. Image found at “Peak.” Tony Oursler, 2018, www.tonyoursler.space/peak-new-york/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“iBooks Author.” Apple, 2018, www.apple.com/ibooks-author/.
Foresman, Chris. “Enthusiasm for iBooks Author marred by licensing, format issues.” ArsTechnica, 20 January 2012, arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/01/enthusiasm-for-ibooks-author-marred-by-licensing-format-issues/.
Shapeways, 2018, www.shapeways.com/.
Ponoko, 2018, www.ponoko.com/.
Oculus, 2018, www.oculus.com/rift/.
williamCromar. “Heuristics: Best practices.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/w/page/126771719/heuristics#Bestpractices.

BOOK SOURCES

Duchamp, Marcel. Quoted in 1956 conversation with J. J. Sweeney in Sanouillet, Michel & Peterson, Elmer, eds., Salt Seller: The Writings of Marcel Duchamp. Oxford University Press, 1973. p.137

Critique

IMAGE CREDITS

Wodiczko, Krzysztof. “The Tijuana Projection.” 2001. Image found at Art21, 2018, art21.org/gallery/krzysztof-wodiczko-artwork-survey-2000s/#6. Fair use.

BOOK SOURCES

Duchamp, Marcel, from “The Creative Act,” lecture, April 1957, quoted in Lebel, Robert. Marcel Duchamp. Grove Press. 1959. p.78.

Fabrication Art

IMAGE CREDITS

EGU-Metall. “File:Laserschmelzschneiden von Edelstahlblech.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 9 October 2013, link ». CC-BY-3.0. Image manipulated by williamCromar to create icon.
Mondrian, Piet. ” New York City I.” 1942, Image found at Musée Historique Environment Urbain, 2009, www.mheu.org/en/timeline/new-york-city.htm. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Student Shoe Drawing.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.
Judd, Donald. “Untitled.” 1965. Image found at “‘Objects and Bodies at Rest and in Motion’ at Moderna Museet, Malmö, Sweden.” bArtNews, 1 November 2016, www.artnews.com/2016/01/11/objects-and-bodies-at-rest-and-in-motion-at-moderna-museet-malmo-sweden/. Fair use. Image format manipulated by author to create icon.

Point to LIne

IMAGE CREDITS

Mondrian, Piet. ” New York City I.” 1942, Image found at Musée Historique Environment Urbain, 2009, www.mheu.org/en/timeline/new-york-city.htm. Public domain.
“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Cropped by author to create “In the Cloud” icon.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
“Nocube.svg.” Wikimedia Commons, 27 December 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nocube.svg. Public domain.
Schiele, Egon. “The Poet.” Found as image “File:Egon Schiele 009.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 21 May 2005, link ». Public domain.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Grid Systems.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_3_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0. Image cropped by author for icon.
PseudoDragon. “Figure Ground with Adobe Illustrator illustration.” Vector Art Blog, 23 June 2008, (expired domain, archive 29 October 2014 web.archive.org/web/20141029185356/http://vector-art.blogspot.com/2008/06/figure-ground-with-adobe-illustrator_7993.html). Fair use. Image cropped by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Personal logo.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. “parallelUniverses.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

In the Cloud

IMAGE CREDITS

“Bespin.” Star Wars, 2018, www.starwars.com/databank/bespin. Fair use. Cropped by author to create “In the Cloud” icon.

WEB SOURCES

Levkina, Maria. “Why the 3-2-1 backup rule STILL makes sense.” IT Pro Today, 26 January 2015, www.itprotoday.com/cloud-data-center/why-3-2-1-backup-rule-still-makes-sense.
Zetlen, James. Sorry Everybody, 2004, www.sorryeverybody.com/gallery/1/.
Lambert, Steve. AntiAdvertisingAgency, 2010, antiadvertisingagency.com/.
Collins, Bryan. The Journal of Urban Typography, 2014, tjout.tumblr.com/.
“Get the Most from WordPress.com.” WordPress.com, 2018, learn.wordpress.com/.
“Galleries and Slideshows.” WordPress.com, 2012, en.support.wordpress.com/gallery/.
YouTube, 2018, www.youtube.com/.
Vimeo, 2018, vimeo.com/.
Flickr, 2018, www.flickr.com/.

Gestalt Theory

IMAGE CREDITS

Fibonacci. “Cafe Wall Illusion.” Wikimedia Commons, 15 March 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caf%C3%A9_wall.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
“Subtle Emergences.” ResearchGate, September 2015, www.researchgate.net/figure/The-dog-picture-is-a-popular-example-of-emergence-from-the-field-of-gestalt-psychology_fig1_283090791. Public domain.
“Reification.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reification.jpg. Public domain. Image modified by author to delete letters.
“Multistability.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 June 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multistability.svg. Public domain. Image modified by author to move figures closer together.
“Invariance.” Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Invariance.jpg. Public domain. Image modified by author to delete letters.
“Gestalt similarity.” Wikimedia Commons, 29 April 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gestalt_similarity.svg. Public domain. Circle/square group added by author.
“Gestalt closure.” Wikimedia Commons, 29 April 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gestalt_closure.svg. Public domain. Image modified by author to delete rectangle.
“Nocube.svg.” Wikimedia Commons, 27 December 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nocube.svg. Public domain.
World Wide Fund for Nature. “WWF logo.” Wikipedia, 17 April 2008, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWF_logo.svg. Fair use. Image modified by author to include figure only.
Federal Express. “FedEx logo.” Wikimedia Commons, 2 January 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FedEx_Express.svg. Fair use. Image modified by author to remove “Express” text.
IBM. “IBM logo.” pngimg.com, 2018, pngimg.com/imgs/logos/ibm/. Fair use.
International Olympic Committee. “Olympic Rings.” 4vector, 2018, 4vector.com/free-vector/olympic-rings-black-clip-art-111186. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Gestalt Principles.” Interaction Design Foundation, 2018, www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/gestalt-principles.
Todorovic, Dejan. “Gestalt Principles.” Scholarpedia, 2008, www.scholarpedia.org/article/Gestalt_principles.

Creating a Dynamic Composition

IMAGE CREDITS

Schiele, Egon. “The Poet.” Found as image “File:Egon Schiele 009.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 21 May 2005, link ». Public domain.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_1_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Gestalt Praxis

IMAGE CREDITS

da Vinci, Leonardo. “Vitruvian Man.” ca 1492. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 13 September 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg. Public domain.
Adalpertus. “Portrait of the Abbot Ramwoldus, from Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram.” ca 1000 CE. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 18 May 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adalpertus_001.jpg. Public domain.
“Asana of the week: tree position, classic variant.” Joga-Joga.pl, 9 September 2015, www.joga-joga.pl/pl96/teksty2083/vrksasana_pozycja_drzewa_video. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_3_CS6. CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Drawing with Type

IMAGE CREDITS

“Fascinating Chinese Characters.” About.com, 2009, (expired domain, archive 28 Feb 2008 link »). Public domain.
ALL IMAGES AT Figure-Ground manipulation with Pathfinder: PseudoDragon. “Figure Ground with Adobe Illustrator illustration.” Vector Art Blog, 23 June 2008, (expired domain, archive 29 October 2014 web.archive.org/web/20141029185356/http://vector-art.blogspot.com/2008/06/figure-ground-with-adobe-illustrator_7993.html). Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

PseudoDragon. “Figure Ground with Adobe Illustrator illustration.” Vector Art Blog, 23 June 2008, (expired domain, archive 29 October 2014 web.archive.org/web/20141029185356/http://vector-art.blogspot.com/2008/06/figure-ground-with-adobe-illustrator_7993.html.
Lupton, Ellen. Thinking with Type, 2009, thinkingwithtype.com/.

Personal Logo

IMAGE CREDITS

“Coca Cola Logo.” Wikimedia Commons, 17 June 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coca-Cola_logo.svg. Fair use.
Edward, Stephen. “Turntable Macbook Decal.” Etsy, 2018, link ». Fair use.
williamCromar. “Personal logo layout illustration.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

‘”Trace the 130-year Evolution of the Coca-Cola logo.” Coca-Cola Australia, 4 April, 2018, www.coca-colajourney.com.au/stories/trace-the-130-year-evolution-of-the-coca-cola-logo.
Foley, Nick. “There goes Coke’s dynamic ribbon.” Marketing Interactive, 6 February 2017, www.marketing-interactive.com/there-goes-cokes-dynamic-ribbon/.
“AT&T.” Logopedia, The Logos Wiki, 2018, logos.wikia.com/wiki/AT%26T.
“IBM.” Logopedia, The Logos Wiki, 2018, logos.wikia.com/wiki/IBM.
“Pepsi.” Logopedia, The Logos Wiki, 2018, logos.wikia.com/wiki/Pepsi.
Edward, Stephen. “Turntable Macbook Decal.” Etsy, 2018, link ».
Gendelman, Vladimir. “200+ Cool Personal Logo Designs for Inspiration.” Company Folders, 29 September 2015, www.companyfolders.com/blog/200-cool-personal-logo-designs-for-inspiration.
Sandu, Bogdan. “Personal Logo Design Ideas: How to Create Your Own.” Design Your Way, 2018, www.designyourway.net/blog/inspiration/personal-logo-design/.
Dafont.com, 2018, www.dafont.com/

Line to Plane

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “Student Shoe Drawing.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by student in studio by author.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
Blake, William. “Ancient of Days.” 1794. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_ancient_of_days.jpg. Public domain. Image cropped by author to create icon.
Tanis, Sam. “tlc25a.” Ponoko, 17 April, 2011, www.ponoko.com/blog/ponoko/laser-cut-thing-in-box/attachment/tlc25a/. Fair use. Image manipulated and color corrected by author to create icon.
Klee, Paul. “Line on a walk.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use. Line illustrations extracted and reformatted by author to create one image.
Chan-Girl, Park. “Venus de Milo in layers.” 2010. Image found at “Imagens fatiadas de Park Chan-Girl.” 7 das Artes, October 2011, 7dasartes.blogspot.com/2011/10/imagens-fatiadas-de-park-chan-girl.html. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. “parallelUniverses.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Learning Autodesk Fusion 360.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Fusion-360-tutorials/Learning-Autodesk-Fusion-360/431063-2.html.
burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Hidden Geometry

IMAGE CREDITS

Blake, William. “Ancient of Days.” 1794. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 August 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blake_ancient_of_days.jpg. Public domain.
“Yggdrasil.” Wikimedia Commons, 1 August 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yggdrasil.jpg. Public domain.
“Battery Point USGS Marker.” Wikimedia Commons, 31 March 2012, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BatteryPoint_USGS_Marker.jpg. Public domain.
Fine, Oronce. “Mappemonde en forme de cœur montrant la Terre australe. Recens et integra orbis descriptio.” 1536. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 27 December 2014, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map-heart-054.jpg. Public domain.
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius. “Image of a human body inscribed inside a pentagram from ‘Libri tres de occulta philosophia’.” ca 1531. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 17 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pentagram_and_human_body_(Agrippa).jpg. Public domain.
Fulton, Robert. “Cross sections of Steam Warship USS ‘Fulton the First’.” 1813. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 29 October 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fulton_Sections.jpg. Public domain.
de Bry, T. “Engraving for titlepage of Robert Fludd’s ‘Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris … historia’.” 1617. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 October 2014, link ». Public domain.
Dürer, Albrecht. “Studies on the Proportions of the Female Body.” 1528. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 June 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Studies_on_the_Proportions_of_the_Female_Body_-_WGA07263.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to tone and define edge of drawing.
Dürer, Albrecht. “Anatomy and geometrical proportions.” ca 1528. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 August 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomical_and_geometrical_proportions_-_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer.png. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to tone and define edge of drawing, anti-alias the line work, and reformat.
“Ford Model T Blueprint.” ca 1908. Image found at Blueprints, 2018, drawingdatabase.com/ford-model-t/. Public domain. Image manipulated by author, cropped to isolate front elevation.
Palladio, Andrea. “Villa Rotonda.” 1778. Photograph by Bauer, Stephan. “File:Villa Rotonda front.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 30 July 2007, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Rotonda_front.jpg. Villa public domain. Image claims CC-BY-SA-2.5 license, although most authorities do not recognize faithful photographic reproductions of artwork in the public domain as carrying intellectual property rights.
Scamozzi, Ottavio Bertotti. “Palladio Rotonda planta.” 1778. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palladio_Rotonda_planta_Scamozzi_1778.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to reduce pixel moire and eliminate weak scan areas.
“Plan of starfish, from ‘Beginner’s Zoology’.” 1922. Image found at “Internet Archive Book Images.” Flickr, 2018, www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14768951744. “No known copyright restrictions” claimed at original source.
Bentley, Wilson. “Original Wilson Bentley Images.” early 20th C. Image found at Snowflake Bentley, 2018, www.snowflakebentley.com/WBsnowflakes.htm. Public domain. Source emphasizes work may not be monetized without permission.
aussiegall. “Get the Point.” 2006. Image found a ;Wikimedia Commons, 15 February 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Get_the_point_(301733819).jpg. CC-BY-2.0. Source notes: “When this file was uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, it was available from Flickr under the stated license. The Flickr user has since stopped distributing the file under this license. As Creative Commons licenses cannot be revoked in this manner, the file is still free to use under the terms of the license specified.”
“Iranian glazed ceramic tile work, from the ceiling of the Tomb of Hafez in Shiraz, Iran.” 1935. Image found at Pentocelo. “File:Roof hafez tomb.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 28 May 2008, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg. Artwork, fair use. Image claims CC-BY-3.0 license, although most authorities do not recognize faithful photographic reproductions of artwork in the public domain as carrying intellectual property rights.
van Eyck, Aldo. “tree is leaf and leaf is tree – house is city and city is house.” 1962. Image found at Jaschke, Karin. “City Is House and House Is City: Aldo van Eyck, Piet Blom and the Architecture of Homecoming.” Published in Di Palma, Vittoria, et. al. Intimate Metropolis: Urban Subjects in the Modern City. Routeledge, 2009. Fair use. Online source link ».
“Koch snowflake animation.” Wikimedia Commons, 15 January 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KochSnowGif16_800x500_2.gif. Public domain.
Surt91. “Barnsley fern.” Wikimedia Commons, 23 June 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barnsley_fern.png. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Cohoon, Hannah. “Tree of Life or Blazing Tree.” 1845. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 22 July 2015, link ». Public domain.
Zalman992. “Shoeprint comparison.” Wikimedia Commons, 23 June 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shoeprint_comparison.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
CFCF. “X-Ray of Hand.” Wikimedia Commons, 23 July 2016, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:01_16_X-ray_of_Hand.jpg. CC-BY-4.0.
Fusi, Luigi. “tre viste della monoposto ‘Bimotore 1935’.” 1935. Image found at “ALFA Bimotore.” ALFA Bulletin Board, 27 January 2010, www.alfabb.com/bb/forums/alfa-romeo-history/161378-alfa-bimotore.html. Fair use.
J. D. Carrick or F. Yeoman. “SPAD S.7.” Illustration found in Lamberton, W. M. Fighter Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War. Harleyford, 1960. Online source at Grasse, George. “SPAD 7 of Escadrille Spa.94, Aeronautique Militaire, France 1918.” Historical Miniatures by George Grasse, 2018, link ». Fair use.
Kaboldy. ” Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero. 3-view drawing of Japanese WWII fighter plane.” Wikimedia Commons, 30 September 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero_drawing.svg, CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Dürer, Albrecht. “Orthographic projection of a human foot.” 1528. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 5 March 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Durer_foot.jpg. Public domain.
Dürer, Albrecht. “Orthographic projection and sections of human heads.” ca 1528. Image found at Get Drawings, 2018, getdrawings.com/human-form-drawing#human-form-drawing-48.jpg. Public domain. Source claims CC-BY-NC-4.0 license, although most authorities do not recognize faithful reproductions of artwork in the public domain as carrying intellectual property rights.
Lübke, Wilhelm, and Semrau,Max. “Cross section of the Pantheon in Rome. Floor plan of art history. Paul Neff Verlag, Esslingen, 14th edition 1908. The illustrated reconstruction of the side walls is outdated.” 1908. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 4 June 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantheon.drawing.jpg. Public domain.
Unknown artist. “Ackley’s Blog Basic Graphic Design: shoe contour drawing.” Unknown date. Image found at Get Drawings, 2018, getdrawings.com/graphic-design-drawing#graphic-design-drawing-5.jpg. CC-BY-NC-4.0.
Willson, Frederick Newton. “Cross-Section of Standard Rail.” 1898. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 19 November 2012, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PRR_rail_section_drawing.png. Public domain.
“Simple topographic map worksheet.” ABC Worksheets Library, 2018, worksheets-library.com/simple-topographic-map-worksheet.html. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to omit text, scale and section line.
Kmusser. “Hawaii Island topographic map.” Wikimedia Commons, 3 March 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaii_Island_topographic_map-en.svg. CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Cmglee. “Hawaii Island topographic map SMIL.” Wikimedia Commons, 28 January 2016, link ». Direct link to animated file at link ». CC-BY-SA-3.0.
Choteau, A. “Blanchard Junior Knockabout, Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress.” ca 2005. Image found at “Student Review: Lofting.” The Center for Wooden Boats, 20 May 2010, cwb.org/2010/05/20/student-review-lofting/. Fair use.

Laser Basics

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“Fusion 360.” Autodesk, 2018, www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/overview

Line Art

IMAGE CREDITS

Harper’s Bazar. “The proper length for little girls’ skirts at various ages.” 1868. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 April 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1868-skirt-lengths-girl-ages-Harpers-Bazar.gif. Public domain.
Bernhard, Lucien. “Priester Matches Plakatstil Poster.” 1906. Image found at Wikipedia, 3 October 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernhard_Priester_matches.jpg. Fair use.
Fairey, Shepard. “We the People are Greater than Fear.” Amplifier, 2017, amplifier.org/wethepeople/. Fair use.
Klee, Paul. “Line on a walk.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use. Line illustrations extracted and reformatted by author to create one image.
Klee, Paul. “Page layout.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use.
ALL IMAGE UNDER Pen tool and Bezier curves: burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. “Chapter 6 CS6.” Digital Foundations, 2013, wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Chapter_6_CS6. CC-BY-SA-NC-3.0.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

burrough, xtine and Mandiberg, Michael. Digital Foundations, 2013, http://wiki.digital-foundations.net/index.php?title=Main_Page.

Line to Vector

IMAGE CREDITS

Klee, Paul. “Line on a walk.” 1925. From Klee, Paul, introduction and translation by Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Faber & Faber, 1973, 16-17. PDF Link ». Fair use. Line illustrations extracted, reformatted, and inverted by author to create one image.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

Topological Transformations

IMAGE CREDITS

Chan-Girl, Park. “Venus de Milo in layers.” 2010. Image found at “Imagens fatiadas de Park Chan-Girl.” 7 das Artes, October 2011, 7dasartes.blogspot.com/2011/10/imagens-fatiadas-de-park-chan-girl.html. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “Shoe collage 1.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Images of close-toed shoes repurposed from www.zappos.com/. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Shoe collage 2.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Images of open-toed shoes repurposed from www.zappos.com/. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Container collage 1.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Images of asymmetrical containers repurposed from www.amazon.com/. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Container collage 2.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Images of symmetrical containers repurposed from www.amazon.com/. Fair use.
williamCromar. “Orthographic 3-view sketch of shoe.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
“Screenshot of Slicer UI.” Image found at “Slicer.” Autodesk App Store, 19 January 2018, apps.autodesk.com/FUSION/en/Detail/Index?id=8699194120463301363&appLang=en&os=Win64&autostart=true. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Free Online Graph Paper.” Print-graph-paper.com, 2018, print-graph-paper.com/.
“Invitation to the Hangaram Art Museum (Art and Play, Moving Art Exhibition) 7/8 ~ 8/24.” Park Chan-Girl’s Blog, 2018, blog.naver.com/dkxmqkr/70112954120.

Plane to Volume

IMAGE CREDITS

Judd, Donald. “Untitled.” 1965. Image found at “‘Objects and Bodies at Rest and in Motion’ at Moderna Museet, Malmö, Sweden.” ArtNews, 1 November 2016, www.artnews.com/2016/01/11/objects-and-bodies-at-rest-and-in-motion-at-moderna-museet-malmo-sweden/. Fair use. Image format manipulated by author to create icon.
williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
ailey, William. “Rose Alba.” 2012. Image found at Einspruch, Franklin. “My Own Private Umbria.” New York Sun, 11 May 2012, www.nysun.com/arts/my-own-private-umbria/87818/. Fair use.
Scamozzi, Ottavio Bertotti. “Palladio Rotonda planta.” 1778. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palladio_Rotonda_planta_Scamozzi_1778.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to reduce pixel moire, eliminate weak scan areas, and format for icon.
“Klein bottle 3D print.” PSU Maker Commons, 2016, makercommons.psu.edu/ (link for image expired, no archive). Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Mad Tea Party.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png. Public domain.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Maya 2017 Training.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2017-Essential-Training/432363-2.html.
“Maya 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2018-Essential-Training/604210-2.html.

Alternate Realities

IMAGE CREDITS

Bailey, William. “Rose Alba.” 2012. Image found at Einspruch, Franklin. “My Own Private Umbria.” New York Sun, 11 May 2012, www.nysun.com/arts/my-own-private-umbria/87818/. Fair use. Image manipulated by author to create icon.
Magritte, René. “La trahison des images.” 1928-29. Image found at plaidnet.greenwichacademy.org/arthistoryslides/slideidgal/MODERNISM/MODERNISM-Images/modern31.jpg. 2009. (link expired, no archive available). Fair use.
williamCromar. “la trahison des éléments d’image.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Transformative digital artwork by author, appropriating Magritte, René. “La trahison des images.” 1928-29. Image found at plaidnet.greenwichacademy.org/arthistoryslides/slideidgal/MODERNISM/MODERNISM-Images/modern31.jpg. 2009. (link expired, no archive available). Fair use.
“Still life with eggs, birds and bronze dishes, from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii.” 50-79 BCE. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 29 October 2014, link ». Public domain.
Masaccio. “The Holy Trinity.” ca 1426-8. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 26 September 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masaccio,_trinit%C3%A0.jpg. Public domain.
Vallayer-Coster, Anne. “A still life of mackerel, glassware, a loaf of bread and lemons on a table with a white cloth.” 1787. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 12 June 2015, link ».
Courbet, Gustave. “The Stonebreakers.” 1849. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 June 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Stonebreakers_-_WGA05457.jpg. Public domain.
Bailey, William. “Rose Alba.” 2012. Image found at Einspruch, Franklin. “My Own Private Umbria.” New York Sun, 11 May 2012, www.nysun.com/arts/my-own-private-umbria/87818/. Fair use.
Bosch, Hieronymous. “The Garden of Earthly Delights.” ca 1500-5. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 21 November 2015, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_jard%C3%ADn_de_las_Delicias,_de_El_Bosco.jpg. Public domain.
Arcimboldo, Guiseppe. “Water.” ca 1566-70. Image found at Smithsonian.com, January 2011, www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/arcimboldos-feast-for-the-eyes-74732989/. Public domain.
Magritte, René. “The Explanation.” 1954. Image found at Art History by Laurence Shafe, 2018, www.shafe.co.uk/ren%EF%BF%BD_magritte-_the_explanation_1952/. Fair use.
Rockman, Alexis. “The Farm.” 2000. Image found at Art Works for Change, 2018, www.artworksforchange.org/portfolio/alexis-rockman/. Fair use.
Zahn, Johann. “The reflex box camera obscura, from ‘The History of the Camera Obscura’.” 1685. Image found at PBS Learning Media, www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xjf115145eng/the-reflex-box-camera-obscura-by-johann-zahn-1685-from-the-history-of-the-camera-obscura-xjf115145-eng/#.W3riuZNJGL8. Public domain.
Vermeer, Jan. “The Glass of Wine.” ca 1658-60. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 May 2010, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer#/media/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Wine_Glass_(c_1658-1660).jpg. Public domain.
Steadman, Phillip. “The orientation of the camera image.” Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/reply2.htm. Fair use.
Steadman, Phillip. “The Glass of Wine bird’s eye view.” Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/room1.htm. Fair use.
Celmins, Vija. “Hiroshima.” 1968. Image found at The Modern Art Notes Podcast, 2014, manpodcast.com/portfolio/no-105-vija-celmins/. Fair use.
Flack, Audrey. “Wheel of Fortune (Vanitas).” 1976-78. Image found at Audrey Flack, 2018, www.audreyflack.com/photorealism/. Fair use.
Richter, Gerhard. “Kerze I.” 1988. Image found at ArtNet, 2018, www.artnet.com/artists/gerhard-richter/kerze-i-candle-i-PBtxmozQRfyyFUswiSnUAw2. Fair use.
Goings, Ralph. “Quartet.” 2006. Image found at “Really Real Photorealism.” NPR, 15 October 2009, www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2009/10/photorealism.html. Fair use.
Gurza, Magda Torres. “La hora del te.” 2015. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 July 2015, es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Torres_Gurza#/media/File:La_hora_del_te.jpg. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Childs, David, with Skidmore, Owings, and Merril. “Freedom Tower.” 2006. Image found at Bagli, Charles.”As Tower Rises, So Do Efforts to Buy In.” The New York Times, 23 April 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/nyregion/24zero.html. Fair use.
Ariarmstrong. “Freedom Tower World Trade Center NYC.” Wikimedia Commons, 30 November 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_Tower_World_Trade_Center_NYC.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0. Image manipulated by author to eliminate lens dust.
Scott, Ridley. “Gladiator.” 2000. Film still found at Wikipedia, 2 January 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)#/media/File:Cityrome.jpg. Fair use.
“1st and Ten graphics system.” Wikipedia, 2 January 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First-down-line.jpg. Fair use.
“Who Framed Roger Rabbit gif.” 1980’s-90’s Gifs, 17 February 2015, 1980s-90sgifs.tumblr.com/post/111301532290. Fair use.
Koons, Jeff, with Snapchat. “Jeff Koons’ balloon dog in Snapchat’s augmented reality.” 2017. Image found at Johnson, Lauren. “Snapchat Is Working With the Artist Jeff Koons to Create Augmented Reality Lenses.” AdWeek, 3 October 2017, www.adweek.com/digital/snapchat-is-working-with-the-artist-jeff-koons-to-create-augmented-reality-lenses/. Fair use.
Oursler, Tony. “Mansheshe.” 1997. Image found at link ». Fair use.
Wolfson, Jordan. “Real Violence.” 2017. Image found at Halle, Howard. “We talk to the artist behind that violent VR video at the Whitney Biennial.” Timeout New York, 1 May 2018, www.timeout.com/newyork/news/we-talk-to-the-artist-behind-that-violent-vr-video-at-the-whitney-biennial-050118. Fair use.
Errazuriz, Sebastien, and Cross Lab Studio. “untitled work.” 2017. Image found at Matney, Lucas. “Jeff Koons’ augmented reality Snapchat artwork gets ‘vandalized’.” TechCrunch, 8 October, 2017, techcrunch.com/2017/10/08/jeff-koons-augmented-reality-snapchat-artwork-gets-vandalized/. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Hockney–Falco thesis.” Wikipedia, 18 August 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockney%E2%80%93Falco_thesis
Steadman, Phillip. Vermeer’s Camera, 2001, www.vermeerscamera.co.uk/home.htm.
“Really Real Photorealism.” NPR, 15 October 2009, www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2009/10/photorealism.html.
“Durst screws up the Freedom Tower antenna.” BatteryPark.TV, 8 December 2013, batterypark.tv/uncategorized/durst-screws-up-the-freedom-tower-antenna.html.
Lazirov, Tihomir. “The Best CGI in Movies Is Not When You Don’t See It, But Rather When You Don’t Expect It.” Fstoppers, 17 March 2018, fstoppers.com/bts/best-cgi-movies-not-when-you-dont-see-it-rather-when-you-dont-expect-it-233064.
“1st & Ten (graphics system).” Wikipedia, 2 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_%26_Ten_(graphics_system).
Judah, Hettie. “Is Virtual Reality Art the Real Deal?” Garage, 24 January 2018, garage.vice.com/en_us/article/gyw7xw/is-virtual-reality-art-the-real-deal.
Raab, Josh. “Virtual Reality is for Artists.” Time, 2016, time.com/vr-is-for-artists/.
Schwartz, Alexandria. “Confronting the ‘Shocking’ Virtual-Reality Artwork at the Whitney Biennial.” The New Yorker, 20 March 2017, www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/confronting-the-shocking-virtual-reality-artwork-at-the-whitney-biennial.
Matney, Lucas. “Jeff Koons’ augmented reality Snapchat artwork gets ‘vandalized’.” TechCrunch, 8 October, 2017, techcrunch.com/2017/10/08/jeff-koons-augmented-reality-snapchat-artwork-gets-vandalized/.
Thingiverse, 2018, www.thingiverse.com/.
Etsy, 2018, www.etsy.com/.
Parsons, Michael. “Tolerance and customisation: A question of value.” Australian Design Review, 2 April 2014, www.australiandesignreview.com/architecture/tolerance-and-customisation-a-question-of-value/.

BOOK SOURCES

Kolarevic, Branko. Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. Spon Press, 2003. Online resource link ».

Nine Square Grid

IMAGE CREDITS

Scamozzi, Ottavio Bertotti. “Palladio Rotonda planta.” 1778. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palladio_Rotonda_planta_Scamozzi_1778.jpg. Public domain. Image manipulated by author to reduce pixel moire, eliminate weak scan areas, and format for icon.
Horner, Ray. “Samples of some Kean student work.” Image found at “Make 9 New Forms Using The Cube As The Starting Point – Revised.” Professor Horner’s Art Class, 17 September 2008, professorhornersartclass.com/make-9-new-forms-using-the-cube-as-the-starting-point/. Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

Horner, Ray. “Make 9 New Forms Using The Cube As The Starting Point – Revised.” Professor Horner’s Art Class, 17 September 2008, professorhornersartclass.com/make-9-new-forms-using-the-cube-as-the-starting-point/.

3D Fabrication Basics

IMAGE CREDITS

“Klein bottle 3D print.” PSU Maker Commons, 2016, makercommons.psu.edu/ (link for image expired, no archive). Fair use.
ALL OTHER IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO CREDITS

williamCromar. “First Print, 40 Minutes In.” YouTube, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mst6wzica6k.

WEB SOURCES

MeshLab, 2018, www.meshlab.net/.
PSU Maker Commons, 2018, makercommons.psu.edu/.
Abington Innovation Center, 2018, sites.psu.edu/abingtoninnovation/.
3D Hubs, 2018, www.3dhubs.com/3d-printing.
ShapeWays, 2018, www.shapeways.com/.

Looking Glass

IMAGE CREDITS

Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Mad Tea Party.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png. Public domain.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Entering the Glass.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 20 August 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aliceroom3.jpg. Public domain.
williamCromar. “Looking Glass project samples.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Student project samples from studio by author.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Looking-Glass Land.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0achovnice.jpg. Public domain.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Three Queens.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 10 January 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Red_Queen_White_Queen2.jpg. Public domain.
Carroll, Lewis. “Diagram of story as chess game prefacing Through the Looking-Glass.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 15 July 2010, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass#/media/File:Alice_chess_game.png. Public domain.
“Carroll’s Chess Diagram gif.” Image found in “The Role Chess Plays in Through the Looking-Glass.” LIT 4334: The golden age of children’s literature, 21 February 2013, lit4334goldenage.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/the-role-chess-plays-in-through-the-looking-glass/. Fair use.
Noguchi, Isamu. “Chess Table/Chess Set.” 1944. Image found at Davis, Ben. “We are Duchampians.” ArtNet, 1 November 2005, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis11-1-05.asp. Fair use.
Calder, Alexander. “Traveling Chess Set.” 1942. Image found at Overmeer, Marjolein. “Rotterdam on the move.” Schaakstukken museum, 12 August 2013, www.schaakstukkenmuseum.nl/?p=1403⟨=en. Fair use.
Ray, Man. “Chess Set.” 1920-26. Image found at Davis, Ben. “We are Duchampians.” ArtNet, 1 November 2005, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis11-1-05.asp. Fair use.
Ono, Yoko. “play it by trust.” 1966. Image found at Graphic Chess, 2013, graphicchess.tumblr.com/post/32865165328. Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Mad Tea Party.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png. Public domain.
Iben, Hayley, and O’Brien, James F. “Generating Surface Crack Patterns.” 2006. Image found at O’Brien, James F. “List of Publications.” Computer Graphics: University of California – Berkeley, 2018, graphics.berkeley.edu/people/jObrien-publications.html. Fair use.
Brandt, Marianne. “Teapot.” 1924. Image found at García, Mariángeles. “The Lost History of the Women of the Bauhaus.” ArchDaily, 22 May 2018, www.archdaily.com/890807/the-lost-history-of-the-women-of-the-bauhaus. Public domain.
Graves. Michael. “Alessi Tea Service.” 1985. Image found at “What Else?” Autour de L’Architcture, 12 June 2009, autour-architecture.blogspot.com/2009/06/. Fair use.
Liebeskind, Daniel. “Sawaya & Moroni Tea Set.” 2009. Image found at “daniel libeskind : sawaya & moroni tea set.” Azurebumble, 4 July 2010, azurebumble.wordpress.com/2010/07/04/daniel-libeskind-sawaya-moroni-tea-set/. Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: Drink Me.” 1865. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 5-6 December 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_04.png and commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_05.png. Public domain. Images combined by author.
Morandi, Giorgio. “Natura Morta.” 1960. Image found at “Morandi: Master of Modern Still Life. ;Phillips Collection, 2009, www.phillipscollection.org/events/2009-02-21-exhibition-morandi. Fair use.
Segal, George. “Morandi’s Still Life.” 1983. Image found at “Art of the 20th Century.” a world history of art, 2018, www.all-art.org/art_20th_century/segal1.html. Fair use.
Tenniel, John. “Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There: Dressing for Battle.” 1871. Image found at Wikimedia Commons, 9 March 2011, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tweedledum2.jpg. Public domain.

WEB SOURCES

Davis, Ben. “We are Duchampians. ArtNet, 1 November 2005, www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/davis/davis11-1-05.asp.
Torrence, Ann. ” Martin Newell’s original teapot.” Published in Proceeding ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Teapot. ACM Digital Library, 2018, dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1180098.1180128.
“Utah teapot.” Wikipedia, 13 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_teapot.

BOOK SOURCES

Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. The Macmillan Company. 1897. pp. 11-13.
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. papers, August 30, 1952.

Volume to Action

IMAGE CREDITS

williamCromar. “parallelUniverses Cover Art.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author in a transformative collage combining images expressing concepts of the skydome from four sources:
- “File:Flammarion.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons, 10 November 2010, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg. Public domain.
- Merz, Mario. “Igloo.” art air(e), 2006, http://artair.canalblog.com/albums/i960_a_nos__jours_/photos/8542828-mario_merz__igloo__arte_povera_.html. Fair use.
- Turrell, James. “Blue Pesher.” Cheekwood Estate & Gardens, 2015, https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/sculpture-trail-2/. Fair use.
- williamCromar. “Sky dome.” NewMediaWiki, 2015, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/. Illustration by author. CC-BY-SA-4.0.
Lynda.com. “Lynda.com app icon.” iTunes App Store, 2015, https://itunes.apple.com/lt/app/lynda-com/id356169777?mt=8. Fair use.
Picasso, Pablo. “Nature morte a la chaise cannee.” 1912. Image found at WikiArt, 4 July 2017, www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-picasso/still-life-with-the-caned-chair-1912
cromarWilliam. “Design Thinking iterative process diagram with ‘tell’ as step 6.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
cromarWilliam. “CNC router.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.
cromarWilliam. “Silicone casting.” NewMediaWiki, 2018, http://newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

williamCromar. parallelUniverses, 2013, newmediaabington.pbworks.com/w/page/67264981/parallelUniverses.
Lynda.com, 2018, lynda.psu.edu/.
“Maya 2017 Training.” Lynda.com, 2017, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2017-Essential-Training/432363-2.html.
“Maya 2018 Essential Training.” Lynda.com, 2018, www.lynda.com/Maya-tutorials/Maya-2018-Essential-Training/604210-2.html.

Collage Art

IMAGE CREDITS

Picasso, Pablo. “Nature morte a la chaise cannee.” 1912. Image found at WikiArt, 4 July 2017, www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-picasso/still-life-with-the-caned-chair-1912. Public domain. Image modified by author to create background transparency.
Braque, Georges. “Fruitdish and Glass.” ca 1912. Image found at Wikipedia, 8 November 2005, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braque_fruitdish_glass.jpg. Public domain.
Hoch, Hannah. “Grotesque.” 1963. Image found at The Art Stack, 2018, theartstack.com/artist/hannah-hoch/grotesque. Fair use.
Hausmann, Raoul. “Elasticum.” 1920. Image found at “Raoul Hausmann.” History of Graphic Design, 2018, historygraphicdesign.com/industrial-revolution/genesis-of-twentieth-century-design/427-raoul-hausmann. Public domain.
Breton, Andre; Lamba, Jacqueline; and Tanguy, Yves. “Cadavre exquis (Exquisite Corpse).” 9 February 1938. Image found at National Galleries of Scotland, www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/31332/cadavre-exquis-exquisite-corpse. Fair use.

WEB SOURCES

“Cubism: Synthetic Cubism.” Wikipedia, 18 February 2010, (article sub-headings altered to omit reference to Synthetic Cubism, archive 19 February 2010 link »).
“Georges Braque.” Wikipedia, 28 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque.
“Papier collé.” Wikipedia, 28 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9.
“Hannah Höch.” Wikipedia, 28 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch.
“Raoul Hausmann.” Wikipedia, 18 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann.
Palmer, David. Cut and Paste, 2010, (domain expired, archive 3 September 2011 web.archive.org/web/20110903162251/http://www.cutandpaste.info/).
Exquisite Corpse, 2018, http://www.exquisitecorpse.com/.
Yow!, Burnell. “Digital Exquisite Corpse Project.” Raven’s Wing Studio, 2018, ravenswingstudio.com/galleries/digital-exquisite-corpse-project/.
Crodescu, Andre. “Digital Exquisite Corpse Project.” Exquisite Corpse, 2002, www.corpse.org/archives/issue_7/gallery/yow.htm.
Yow!, Burnell; Walters, David; and Parkes, Larry. “Digital Exquisite Corpse Project.” Raven’s Wing Studio, 2010, (link expired, archived 2018 psu.box.com/s/4qvsc5n6rs2ocawoj28awf2wuudllzur).
New Exquisite Corpse Dot Net, (domain expired, archive 29 February 2014 web.archive.org/web/20140219154849/http://newexquisitecorpse.net/).
Solfrank, Cornelia. Net Art Generator, 2018, nag.iap.de/?ac=create%E2%8C%A9=en.
“X-Corpse for the iPad.” Tumblr, 2018, x-corpse.tumblr.com/.

CNC Router Basics

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

VIDEO SOURCES

williamCromar. “fabbing in the studio.” YouTube, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERWOXRCBqWI.

WEB SOURCES

Lu, Jielu. “CNC Tutorial.” Harvard Wiki, 11 October 2017, wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/display/fabricationlab/CNC+Tutorial.

Virtual to Actual

IMAGE CREDITS

ALL IMAGES: williamCromar. NewMediaWiki, 2015, newmediawiki.pbworks.com/.

WEB SOURCES

“You (Time Person of the Year).” Wikipedia, 8 September 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year).

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