{"id":8598,"date":"2024-03-24T14:10:02","date_gmt":"2024-03-24T14:10:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=8598"},"modified":"2024-03-24T14:10:08","modified_gmt":"2024-03-24T14:10:08","slug":"chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPTER 5 \u2014 Visual Elements II: Volume"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f1200ccb844\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f1200ccb844\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Beyond_Kandinsky_Volume\" >Beyond Kandinsky: Volume<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Related_terms_Extrusion_Mass-Void\" >Related terms: Extrusion | Mass-Void<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Extrusion\" >Extrusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Mass_and_Void\" >Mass and Void<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Relief\" >Relief<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Sunken_relief\" >Sunken relief<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Bas_relief\" >Bas relief<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#High_relief\" >High relief<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Hybrids\" >Hybrids<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Freestanding\" >Freestanding<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Closed_volume\" >Closed volume<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Open_volume\" >Open volume<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Installation\" >Installation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Sensory_engagement_beyond_the_optical\" >Sensory engagement beyond the optical<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#Mass-void_reversal_and_Booleans\" >Mass-void reversal and Booleans<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/#In_the_studio\" >In the studio<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><em>11-minute read<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"694\" data-attachment-id=\"30\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses_01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" data-orig-size=\"694,694\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parallelUniverses_01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png?resize=694%2C694&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png 694w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>If enough planes act together in a specific, closed configuration, we perceive the appearance of <strong>Volume<\/strong> or <strong>Mass<\/strong>. The presence of mass creates a byproduct, the <strong>Void<\/strong> or <strong>Space<\/strong> surrounding the mass. The 3D <strong>Mass-Void<\/strong> relationship is equivalent to the 2D <strong>Figure-Ground<\/strong> relationship encountered with shape.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"643\" data-attachment-id=\"8603\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"643,643\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o.jpg 643w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt_incomplete_open_cube_5030759054_o-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sol LeWitt,&nbsp;<strong>Incomplete Open Cube 7\/31<\/strong>, 1974<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Beyond_Kandinsky_Volume\"><\/span>Beyond Kandinsky: Volume<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_terms_Extrusion_Mass-Void\"><\/span>Related terms: Extrusion | Mass-Void<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"595\" height=\"752\" data-attachment-id=\"8604\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720.png\" data-orig-size=\"595,752\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"paul_klee_dimension_5025800720\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720.png 595w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720-237x300.png 237w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/paul_klee_dimension_5025800720-300x379.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Paul Klee, dimensional diagram, 1925<br>1) top to bottom<br>2) left to right<br>3) front to back<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Bauhaus Basic Course instructors tended to be painters. Kandinsky sets up a dimensional logic for purely 2D relationships. Klee, who sometimes toys with pictorial abstraction, extends that logic into 3D illusionist references in 2D pictorial space. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_8598\" id=\"identifier_1_8598\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Klee, Paul. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Praeger. 7th ed. 1972. p. 35.\">1<\/a><\/sup> Such references are important when considering digitally rendered still images, but our discussion will extrapolate into dimensions that Kandinsky and Klee, as painters, only encountered pictorially. The Bauhaus aesthetic was rife with Modernist concepts of lightness and material standards from manufacturing, thus sculpture and architecture at the Bauhaus tended to shun a sense of mass.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>With the <em><strong>Proun Room<\/strong><\/em>,&nbsp;El Lissitzky, a Russian Suprematist artist who was highly influential at the Bauhaus, attempted to take the almost exclusively 2D theorizing of early Modernism into a 3D context infused with this dematerializing, spatially ambiguous lightness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"536\" data-attachment-id=\"8605\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,536\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o.jpg 700w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lissitzky_proun_5030215022_o-300x230.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>El Lissitzky,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/pantherconcepts.blogspot.com\/2010_04_01_archive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Proun Room<\/strong><\/a>, 1923<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"8606\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8606\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o.jpg 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bill_familie_von_fuenf_halben_kugeln_5_a_5030198362_o-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Max Bill, part of the work&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Familie_von_fuenf_halben_Kugeln_5_a.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Familie von f\u00fcnf halben Kugeln<\/strong><\/a>,&nbsp;1966<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>We can see a direct sense of volume based on mass, rather than implied by planar relationships, in the work of Bauhaus proteg\u00e9&nbsp;Max Bill. In many of his works, he revived mass (and void) in the Modernist vocabulary. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>However, for an earlier iteration of mass, we can turn to the playful work of&nbsp;Alma Siedhoff-Buscher&nbsp;and her&nbsp;Bauspiel&nbsp;blocks. This deceptively complex toy embodies characteristic Bauhaus concerns. Note how the designer derives the various block forms from one mass, evocative of a slicing or <strong>Boolean<\/strong> intersection function (see Chapter 11).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"689\" data-attachment-id=\"8607\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/bauhaus_bauspiel_2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1680,1131\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2-1024x689.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2-1024x689.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2-1024x689.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2-300x202.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2-768x517.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2-1536x1034.webp 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_2.webp 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"351\" data-attachment-id=\"8608\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/bauhaus_bauspiel_1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1680,576\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1-1024x351.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1-1024x351.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8608\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1-1024x351.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1-300x103.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1-768x263.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1-1536x527.webp 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Bauhaus_Bauspiel_1.webp 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Alma Siedhoff-Buscher,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thelollipopshoppe.co.uk\/products\/accessories\/inspirational\/naef-bauhaus-building-game\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Bauspiel<\/strong><\/a>, 1923, produced by Naef Spiele AG since 1977<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Extrusion\"><\/span>Extrusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"791\" data-attachment-id=\"8609\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/playdoh\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Playdoh.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,791\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Playdoh\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Playdoh.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Playdoh.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8609\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Playdoh.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Playdoh-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Playdoh-768x607.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Play-Doh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Play-Doh Fun Factory<\/a>&nbsp;demonstrates&nbsp;<strong>Extrusion<\/strong>, turning 2D shape into 3D mass<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>We define the dimensional property of&nbsp;<strong>Volume<\/strong> as an occupation of space. It is the path of a plane in motion, perpendicular to its surface; It is a plane with depth. This kind of plane is&nbsp;<strong>Extruded<\/strong>. We push it through space like Play-Doh in a Fun Factory, a common action analogy found in digital modeling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>But planes can also be folded, twisted, bent, and closed to become a volume, an enclosed space. Volumes can be defined as&nbsp;<strong>Mass<\/strong>&nbsp;(a body occupying space) or <strong>Void<\/strong>&nbsp;(a space defined by adjacent masses or planes). Objects, bodies, and buildings are examples of physical manifestations of volume. Like planes, volumes can embody many materials and material properties. Like the global space they occupy, volumes can contain a local coordinate system, sometimes known as <strong>UVW coordinates<\/strong>. Analogous to the <strong>XYZ coordinates<\/strong> in the global Cartesian system we saw in Chapter 4, the UVW system generates surface texture and material, a topic we&#8217;ll explore in Chapter 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mass_and_Void\"><\/span>Mass and Void<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>Mass<\/strong> and a <strong>Void<\/strong> are not phenomenologically equal, even if they displace each other in equal size or proportion. The quality of presence (exhibited by mass) and absence (exhibited by void) changes radically. Observe the variety among these essays on the primary form of the cube below. What qualitative attributes make the cube appear to be defined by mass, void, or some ambiguous hybrid of the two?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cafa52&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cafa52\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"487\" height=\"390\" data-attachment-id=\"8611\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/smith_die_5030758096_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/smith_die_5030758096_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"487,390\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"smith_die_5030758096_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/smith_die_5030758096_o.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/smith_die_5030758096_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8611\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/smith_die_5030758096_o.jpg 487w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/smith_die_5030758096_o-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tony Smith,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nga.gov\/fcgi-bin\/timage_f?object=127623%E2%84%91=26369&amp;c=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Die<\/strong><\/a>, 1968, cor-ten steel<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb011f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb011f\" class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1699\" height=\"2560\" data-attachment-id=\"8613\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1699,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cromar_cast_5030141803_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-680x1024.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-scaled.jpg?fit=680%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8613\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-scaled.jpg 1699w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-680x1024.jpg 680w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-768x1157.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-1019x1536.jpg 1019w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-1359x2048.jpg 1359w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cromar_cast_5030141803_o-300x452.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1699px) 100vw, 1699px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>williamCromar,&nbsp;<\/em><strong><em>cast<\/em><\/strong><em>, 1993, calcium carbonate held by natural electrostatic charge<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb06cf&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb06cf\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" data-attachment-id=\"8612\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/https___hirshhorn-si_-edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07-60-jpg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,579\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8612\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/https___hirshhorn.si_.edu_dynamic_collection_images_full_07.60.jpg-768x434.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Joseph Kosuth,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.e-flux.com\/shows\/view\/6001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Box, Cube, Empty, Clear, Glass \u2013 a Description<\/strong><\/a>, 1965, glass<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb0c8a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb0c8a\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"730\" data-attachment-id=\"8623\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/tara_donovan_pins-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"730,730\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"tara_donovan_pins-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8623\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1.jpg 730w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-1-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tara Donovan,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.barbarakrakowgallery.com\/tara-donovan-drawings-sculptures-exhibition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Untitled (Pins)<\/strong><\/a>, 2003, pins held by natural electrostatic charge and gravity<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb120f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb120f\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"8614\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/lewitt_sl-p-99-sc-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8614\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LeWitt_SL-P-99-SC-1-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sol LeWitt,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/justinphillipson.wordpress.com\/2008\/02\/15\/influences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Incomplete Open Cube 6\/13<\/strong><\/a>, 1974, painted steel<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb177d&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb177d\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8615\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/sdr\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/noguchi_red_cube_5030758160_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"768,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;FRD-L02&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;sdr&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1548843540&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.5&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;160&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.024999&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;sdr&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"sdr\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;sdr&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/noguchi_red_cube_5030758160_o.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/noguchi_red_cube_5030758160_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8615\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:398px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/noguchi_red_cube_5030758160_o.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/noguchi_red_cube_5030758160_o-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/noguchi_red_cube_5030758160_o-300x400.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Isamu Noguchi,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/magazine\/features\/stern\/stern1-27-13.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Red Cube<\/strong><\/a>, 1968, painted steel<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb1dd2&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb1dd2\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" data-attachment-id=\"8616\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,681\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8616\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/haacke_condensation_cube_5030758478_o-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Hans Haacke,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/36378366@N00\/4178074398\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Condensation Cube<\/strong><\/a>, 1963-2008, glass and water<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb2313&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb2313\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"8617\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"311,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8617\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o.jpg 311w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o-233x300.jpg 233w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/turrell_afrum-proto_5030143105_o-300x386.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>James Turrell,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/art21\/slideshow\/popup.php?slide=980#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Afrum-Proto<\/strong><\/a>, 1996, light projection<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f1200cb282f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f1200cb282f\" class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"811\" data-attachment-id=\"8618\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/untitled-1965-reconstructed-1971-by-robert-morris-1931-2018\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1536,1216\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Untitled 1965, reconstructed 1971 Robert Morris 1931 - 2018 Purchased 1972 http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/work\/T01532&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;(c) ARS, NY and DACS, London 2024 \/ Photo (c) Tate&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Untitled 1965, reconstructed 1971 by Robert Morris 1931 - 2018&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Untitled 1965, reconstructed 1971 by Robert Morris 1931 &amp;#8211; 2018\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Untitled 1965, reconstructed 1971 Robert Morris 1931 &amp;#8211; 2018 Purchased 1972 http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/work\/T01532&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169-1024x811.jpg\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169-1024x811.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8618\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169-1024x811.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169-768x608.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/morris_untitled_5030143169.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Robert Morris,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/servlet\/ViewWork?workid=10317&amp;roomid=3669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Untitled<\/strong><\/a>, 1965, plate glass mirror<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Mass and Void relationships occur in the context of <strong>Relief<\/strong> and <strong>Freestanding<\/strong> sculptural works. We&#8217;ll briefly discuss these, and their relevance to your 3D modeling efforts, with examples below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relief\"><\/span>Relief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Relief<\/strong>\u00a0work is a kind of sculpture intended to be seen frontally, like a painting. It can be classified among three categories:\u00a0<strong>Sunken Relief<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>Bas Relief<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>High Relief<\/strong>, illustrated here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sunken_relief\"><\/span>Sunken relief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"811\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8635\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_akhenaton\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1621,2048\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-811x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-811x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8635\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-811x1024.jpg 811w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-768x970.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-1216x1536.jpg 1216w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton-300x379.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Relief_fragment_showing_the_portrait_head_of_pharaoh_Akhenaton.jpg 1621w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 811px) 100vw, 811px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.danderoux.com\/art101\/ex07folder\/exercise07pagenew.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Akhenaten<\/strong><\/a>, circa 1340 BCE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>A relief characterized by shallow mass-void carving under the primary manipulated surface. Often associated with Egyptian work, it can be found where strong sunlight can cast shadows and is common in carved environmental lettering in architecture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bas_relief\"><\/span>Bas relief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"593\" data-attachment-id=\"8636\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/nicholson_relief_503003079\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/nicholson_relief_503003079.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,593\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"nicholson_relief_503003079\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/nicholson_relief_503003079.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/nicholson_relief_503003079.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/nicholson_relief_503003079.jpg 600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/nicholson_relief_503003079-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/nicholson_relief_503003079-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ben Nicholson,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationalgalleries.org\/collection\/online_az\/4:322\/result\/0\/730?initial=N&amp;artistId=3627&amp;artistName=Ben%20Nicholson&amp;submit=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Painted Relief (Plover&#8217;s Egg Blue)<\/strong><\/a>, 1940. Nicholson&#8217;s work, usually white on white, began exhibiting color during World War II.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>The French word <strong>bas<\/strong>, meaning <strong>low<\/strong>, gives us to understand bas relief as a shallow carving emerging out of the primary surface. Distinguishing bas relief from high relief is the attachment of all elements back to the carved surface. Bas relief can be seen on most coins.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"High_relief\"><\/span>High relief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"8637\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8637\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction.jpg 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/114_1_post_war_contemporary_art_february_2011_robert_longo_corporate_wars_walls_of_influence__wright_auction-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Robert Longo,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/ag\/FineArtDetail.asp?G=&amp;gid=0&amp;which=&amp;aid=10701&amp;wid=425995377&amp;print=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Corporate Wars<\/strong><\/a>, 1982. His signature writhing figures and reference to Classical battle sculpture lampoon corporate life.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Protruding limbs, open forms, and detail more characteristic of freestanding sculpture are the hallmarks of high relief. Although intended to be seen frontally, much articulation can occur &#8220;in the round&#8221; and facing the primary surface.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hybrids\"><\/span>Hybrids<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As a practical matter, it is common to see types of relief combined into hybrid forms, such as can be seen in the East Doors of the Baptistry in Florence, by Ghiberti. Can you discern where high relief stops and bas relief begins?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"711\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8639\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/77-figure4-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1.png\" data-orig-size=\"1174,1690\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"77-Figure4-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-711x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-711x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-711x1024.png 711w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-768x1106.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-1067x1536.png 1067w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1-300x432.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/77-Figure4-1.png 1174w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Lorenzo Ghiberti,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shafe.co.uk\/art\/Ghiberti-_north_doors_of_baptistry-_Florence.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Gates of Paradise (East Doors of the Florence Baptistry)<\/strong><\/a>, 1425-52<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"796\" data-attachment-id=\"8640\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/esau-and-jacob\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,796\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Esau-and-Jacob\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob.jpg 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob-300x299.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob-768x764.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Esau-and-Jacob-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Detail, the story of\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gracecathedral.org\/content\/arts\/ghiberti\/panel_L3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Jacob and Esau<\/strong><\/a>, from the\u00a0<strong>Gates of Paradise<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>The question above would be more than an academic exercise if it becomes our job to model these doors. Strategically, we would determine that the <strong>high-relief<\/strong> elements \u2014 mostly the figures \u2014 should be modeled. On the other hand, we could develop the <strong>low-relief<\/strong> elements \u2014 mostly the environment and architecture \u2014 using a <strong>bump map<\/strong> instead of polygon geometries. Here, a map is a means to develop texture or relief elements on simple geometry using a tonal-scaled bitmap image, where the lights represent one value \u201a raised, say \u2014 and the darks represent the opposite \u2014 in this instance, deeper areas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"198\" data-attachment-id=\"7261\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png\" data-orig-size=\"643,198\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5029414407_c1c389c274_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png 643w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o-300x92.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>To a simple sphere geometry (left), apply a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bump_mapping.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>bump map<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(center)<\/em>.<em> The result is the appearance of a highly complex texture (right) suggesting a navel orange<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Work sometimes acts like a hybrid or combination of relief and the freestanding type of sculpture discussed next. Is the Donald Judd work relief? It&#8217;s flat if seen from the front, but from the side it becomes animated, though it attaches to the wall like a relief. The Rachel Whiteread work is freestanding as we&#8217;ll read about below, but how would its meaning change without the strong presence of relief found in the reversed-out room elements  \u2014 doors, windows, fireplaces, moldings?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\" data-attachment-id=\"8642\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1936,1296\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;20&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D200&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1248862890&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;65&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.016666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"judd_untitled_5028114748_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o-1024x685.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o-1024x685.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8642\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o-1536x1028.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/judd_untitled_5028114748_o.jpg 1936w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Donald Judd,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.artreview.com\/profiles\/blogs\/donald-judd-at-simon-lee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Untitled<\/strong><\/a>, 1970<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"719\" data-attachment-id=\"8643\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1348\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"whiteread_ghost_5028112588\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588-1024x719.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588-1024x719.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588-1024x719.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588-300x211.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588-768x539.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588-1536x1078.webp 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_ghost_5028112588.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Rachel Whiteread,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nga.gov\/fcgi-bin\/timage_f?object=131285%E2%84%91=27655&amp;c=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Ghost<\/strong><\/a>, 1990<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Freestanding\"><\/span>Freestanding<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Freestanding work, sometimes called &#8220;in-the-round&#8221; sculpture, is meant to be experienced spatially. That is, the viewer is active and in motion to perceive all sides. In one sense, the active viewer has 4D, kinetic implications. Thus, we&#8217;ll explore two object-oriented volume works \u2014 <strong>Closed<\/strong> versus <strong>Open<\/strong> compositions \u2014 alongside interior-oriented volumes that border on architectural expression in the world of <strong>Installation<\/strong><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Closed_volume\"><\/span>Closed volume<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"913\" data-attachment-id=\"8649\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"560,913\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o.jpg 560w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o-184x300.jpg 184w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brancusi_kiss_5031488195_o-300x489.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Constantin Brancusi,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usc.edu\/schools\/annenberg\/asc\/projects\/comm544\/library\/images\/393.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>The Kiss<\/strong><\/a>, 1908<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>As it is with bas relief, closed volumes create mass-void relationships where the material maintains a sense of mass and does not develop interior voids<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Open_volume\"><\/span>Open volume<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"726\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8650\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/the_kiss\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1596,2252\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 400D DIGITAL&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1208084406&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;22&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.025&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"The_Kiss\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-726x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-726x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-726x1024.jpg 726w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-768x1084.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-1089x1536.jpg 1089w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-1451x2048.jpg 1451w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss-300x423.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_Kiss.jpg 1596w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Auguste Rodin,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Kiss,_Auguste_Rodin.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>The Kiss<\/strong><\/a>, 1889<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Mass melts away, opening voids deep inside the work. As with high relief, elements break away from the main mass and define these voids.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Consider: how would you model these two versions of<strong><em> The Kiss<\/em><\/strong> in Maya? Brancusi&#8217;s closed-volume version could be modeled out of one polygonal cube with a combination of geometric deformations and maps, analogous to how it was carved out of one block of stone. As an open-volume work, Rodin&#8217;s version would be better suited to working with composites of multiple polygonal forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Installation\"><\/span>Installation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As the scale of the work and the open void increases, a primary inversion in the perception of a 3D artwork can occur: instead of a viewer walking around an object, the object can wrap itself around the viewer as an\u00a0<strong>Installation<\/strong>. Alongside El Lissitzky&#8217;s\u00a0<strong><em>Proun Room<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0above, Kurt Schwitters&#8217;\u00a0<em><strong>Hannover Merzbau<\/strong><\/em> is also a prototype for the installation work that was to become popular in the final quarter of the 20th Century. These works exhibit a fusion of painting, sculpture, and architecture not seen since the days before the Renaissance, and indeed relieve us of the need for these creatively stifling categories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"776\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8653\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1191,1571\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-776x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-776x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-776x1024.jpg 776w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-768x1013.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-1164x1536.jpg 1164w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o-300x396.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/schwitters_merzbau_5034015668_o.jpg 1191w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Kurt Schwitters, archival photo of the original\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Merzbau.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Hannover Merzbau<\/strong><\/a>, 1933<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8654\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/mzbau-reconstruction1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1.gif\" data-orig-size=\"1308,2008\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"mzbau-reconstruction1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-667x1024.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-667x1024.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8654\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-667x1024.gif 667w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-195x300.gif 195w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-768x1179.gif 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-1001x1536.gif 1001w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/mzbau-reconstruction1-300x461.gif 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Reconstruction of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/research\/tateresearch\/tatepapers\/07autumn\/orchard.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Hannover Merzbau\u00a0at the Sprengel Museum<\/strong><\/a>, 1983. Archival photographs were scientifically studied for form and color to correctly model the original work.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As the scale of the work and the open void increases, a primary inversion in the perception of a 3D artwork can occur. Instead of a viewer walking around an object, the object can wrap itself around the viewer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sensory_engagement_beyond_the_optical\"><\/span>Sensory engagement beyond the optical<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The\u00a0<em>Merzbau<\/em>\u00a0was destroyed in a World War II bombing raid. Modeling was used to recreate it spatially and optically from photographic records. What, on the other hand, would be needed to recreate Ann Hamilton&#8217;s\u00a0<em><strong>tropos<\/strong><\/em>, which only exists as a record now? The work uses a human figure engaged in a repetitive act you can read about\u00a0at this link, so you&#8217;d need to incorporate a <strong>kinetic<\/strong> (time and motion) element as described in the next chapter. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>But the model would only be a partial one. Impossible to model would be the <strong>haptic<\/strong> (feeling), <strong>auditory<\/strong> (hearing), and <strong>olfactory<\/strong> (smelling) sensory qualities that Hamilton considers part of the experience. She modifies the factory floor under the hair to undulate in a way only the feet can feel. Horsehair muffles sound, changing our understanding of the scale. She also intermingles smells of horsehair and burning paper that are as unforgettable as they are un-modelable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"540\" data-attachment-id=\"8656\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,540\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt.jpg 900w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/thumb-ham-e-tropos-i-lo-prt-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ann Hamilton,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/art21\/artists\/hamilton\/card3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>tropos<\/strong><\/a>, 1993-94<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1335\" height=\"832\" data-attachment-id=\"8089\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_014-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1.png\" data-orig-size=\"1335,832\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_014-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-1024x638.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8089\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1.png 1335w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-1024x638.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-768x479.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1335px) 100vw, 1335px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Richard Serra,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/lacma.wordpress.com\/2009\/07\/01\/a-curator-answers-installing-serra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Band<\/strong><\/a>, 2006<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>For an interesting take on the relationship between modeling and installation art, read Richard Serra&#8217;s account of making a work like\u00a0<em><strong>Band<\/strong><\/em> at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moma.org\/audio\/playlist\/236\/3048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MoMA<\/a>. Turns out he can model the <strong><em>work<\/em><\/strong> but not the <strong><em>experience<\/em><\/strong>. Serra mentions the galleries of the Dia Foundation in the interview, and they house some of the world&#8217;s most compelling installations, including Serra&#8217;s work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mass-void_reversal_and_Booleans\"><\/span>Mass-void reversal and Booleans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The phenomenon of <strong>mass-void reversal<\/strong> in the physical world is the key to understanding digital modeling practices such as <strong>Boolean operations<\/strong>. Named after the mathematician George Boole, the inventor of the algebraic logic underpinning computer science, these operations use set theory and interactions akin to Venn diagrams to create a more complex hybrid form out of simpler building blocks. Boolean operations can\u00a0<strong><em>union<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0two volumes, fusing their masses together;\u00a0<strong><em>intersect<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0two volumes, keeping only the volume shared by both; or\u00a0<strong><em>subtract<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0one volume from another, depending on the hierarchy of selection.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A study of Boolean operations from Antti Lehtinen at Polygonblog.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Clockwise from top left:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><strong>Union<\/strong> of cube &amp; sphere<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>Intersection<\/strong> of cube &amp; sphere<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>Subtraction<\/strong> of sphere from cube<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>Subtraction<\/strong> of cube from sphere.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"332\" height=\"336\" data-attachment-id=\"8664\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o.png\" data-orig-size=\"332,336\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8664\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o.png 332w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o-296x300.png 296w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/resultsofbooleanmodeling_4925896873_o-300x304.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In digital modeling, an object created through polygon modeling &#8220;acts&#8221; like a solid, while the same object created using NURBS modeling &#8220;acts&#8221; more like a thin surface. On the other hand, if a Boolean operation is desired, polygon modeling tends to do a better job. By analogy, one could say the plaster cast inside the balloon is a NURBS-like physical object, whereas the plaster surrounding the balloon voids is similar to a polygon-based Boolean subtraction of spheres from a cylinder. We\u2019ll elaborate on polygon and NURBS modeling in Chapter 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_the_studio\"><\/span>In the studio<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Volume work from 3D design studios:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"932\" data-attachment-id=\"8661\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1664,1515\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon PowerShot A70&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1096962037&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;5.40625&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.033333333333333&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o-1024x932.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o-1024x932.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o-1024x932.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o-300x273.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o-768x699.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o-1536x1398.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/student_experimental_casting_4925869163_o.jpg 1664w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Student exercise, creating volumes, masses, and voids with plaster and balloons.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><br><em><strong>At left<\/strong>: Creating a volumetric spherical shell using plaster and a balloon.\u00a0<\/em><br><em><strong>At right<\/strong>:\u00a0Student exercise, inverting the relationship, the balloon creates a void in a cylindrical mass. All from a studio by the author.\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>3D design classes often use material exploration as a means of conceptual understanding. One student created a solution to an experimental material problem: reverse the relationship between cast material and mold. In his solution, he poured plaster into a balloon, sometimes creating heavy mass, sometimes creating a delicate shell as illustrated. Popping the &#8220;mold&#8221; for the shell version created a sense of a randomly broken sphere as the thin material resisted or gave way to the force of the pop.<\/em> <em>He next created a container filled with balloons, into which plaster was also poured. The plaster filled the void volumes and converted them into mass, and the balloons were then removed to create void volumes.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>This same technique was employed by Andrew Kudless with Matsys Design. It is a physical means of creating a random array of void spaces generating a 3D version of a <strong>Voronoi diagram<\/strong> which Matsys then used as inspiration for 3D models of Voronoi-based structures. These digital models were then, in turn, output into physical structures for final installation. The process is reminiscent of <strong>Boolean Subtract<\/strong> functions.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"8663\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/attachment\/52\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.webp\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"52\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8663\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52.webp 600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/52-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Andrew Kudless and Matsys Design, plaster prototype for\u00a0<strong>Voronoi Morphologies<\/strong>, 2005-6.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_8598\" class=\"footnote\">Klee, Paul. Pedagogical Sketchbook. Praeger. 7th ed. 1972. p. 35.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_8598\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>11-minute read If enough planes act together in a specific, closed configuration, we perceive the appearance of Volume or Mass. The presence of mass creates a byproduct, the Void or Space surrounding the mass. The 3D Mass-Void relationship is equivalent to the 2D Figure-Ground relationship encountered with shape. Beyond Kandinsky: Volume Related terms: Extrusion |&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paralleluniverses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CHAPTER 5 \u2014 Visual Elements II: Volume - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter 5 Visual Elements II Volume: Kandinsky and Klee explore mass &amp; void, high &amp; low relief, open &amp; closed form, and spatial phenomena.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-5-visual-elements-ii-volume\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHAPTER 5 \u2014 Visual Elements II: Volume - 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