{"id":8551,"date":"2024-03-24T03:17:47","date_gmt":"2024-03-24T03:17:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=8551"},"modified":"2024-04-02T18:14:47","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T18:14:47","slug":"chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPTER 14 \u2014 Metaphors to Sculpture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10fb79c5f1\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10fb79c5f1\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Addition_Modeling\" >Addition | Modeling<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Digital_sculpting\" >Digital sculpting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Booleans\" >Booleans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#3D_printing_at_a_massive_scale\" >3D printing at a massive scale<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Subtraction_Carving\" >Subtraction | Carving<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Booleans-2\" >Booleans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#CNC_routing_and_milling\" >CNC routing and milling<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Assembly_Manipulation_Found_Object_Assemblage_Construction\" >Assembly | Manipulation | Found Object | Assemblage | Construction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Combine_and_booleans\" >Combine and booleans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Found_objects_and_libraries\" >Found objects and libraries<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Substitution_Casting\" >Substitution | Casting<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#Mold-making\" >Mold-making<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/#3D_scanning\" >3D scanning<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><em>7-minute read<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"694\" data-attachment-id=\"30\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses_01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" data-orig-size=\"694,694\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parallelUniverses_01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png?resize=694%2C694&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png 694w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>While the idea of making has evolved radically through two revolutions \u2014 the Industrial and the Digital. However, the <em>kinds<\/em> of making remain relatively fixed by the properties of the material world. We can manipulate by hand, machine, digital interface, or some hybrid among these. No matter the means, material processes generally organize themselves into manifestations of <strong>addition<\/strong><em>,<\/em><strong> subtraction<\/strong><em>, <\/em><strong>assembly<\/strong><em>,\u00a0<\/em>or<em> <\/em><strong>substitution<\/strong>. We&#8217;ll explore these below, in examples from history, basic 3D design studio projects, and digital iterations both physical and metaphorical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Addition_Modeling\"><\/span>Addition | Modeling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"684\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8565\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/chamberlin_flussh-06\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06.png\" data-orig-size=\"1106,1656\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"chamberlin_flussh-06\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-684x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-684x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-684x1024.png 684w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-768x1150.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-1026x1536.png 1026w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06-300x449.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chamberlin_flussh-06.png 1106w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Scott Chamberlin,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.robischongallery.com\/html\/ArtistResults.asp?offset=0&amp;artist=84\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>flussh<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a02003\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8566\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1800,1800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"additive_modeling_4944860994_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8566\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/additive_modeling_4944860994_o.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Student mixed-media work including woven clay element. From a studio by the author.<\/em>\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>An\u00a0<strong>Additive<\/strong>\u00a0work builds a malleable material up through a process of\u00a0<em><strong>Modeling<\/strong><\/em>. In traditional tactile work, we can characterize modeling as building or sculpting using soft, hand-workable materials such as clay, wax, paper pulp, and polymers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramic work is among the oldest forms of art which still have a strong working tradition to the present day. The earth-based clays they are made from can be air-dried or fired in a kiln for durability. In a 3D design class,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jovi.es\/customers\/modelling.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">plastilina<\/a>\u00a0oil-based clays are popular because of their re-workability. They never cure, which can be a blessing or a curse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Digital_sculpting\"><\/span>Digital sculpting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>In modeling software, a modeler can use soft-selection tools to push and pull a volume much the same way we manipulate clay.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.maxon.net\/en\/zbrush?gad_source=1&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjw-_mvBhDwARIsAA-Q0Q4XISpa6QIpeWBr1QVuw6FLqcDlC2YIEKWqRP5tEjHsFDs0pB1ZxL8aAmCfEALw_wcB\">ZBrush<\/a><\/strong> is a sculpting-centric modeling program in which we can create texture and detail. It can accept an imported model for advanced modeling, in the clay-sculpting sense of the word.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/1zFYjH3OTm0?si=G9yfS4dh8GrrsM33\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Booleans\"><\/span>Booleans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"8569\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/boolean_union\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/boolean_union.gif\" data-orig-size=\"800,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"boolean_union\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/boolean_union.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/boolean_union.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8569\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>When creating a Boolean <strong>Union<\/strong>, it&#8217;s analogous to merging two lumps of clay together to form one uniform mass.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3D_printing_at_a_massive_scale\"><\/span>3D printing at a massive scale<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Additive modeling in the digital world is not limited to analogy, however.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.factum-arte.com\/pag\/49\/greyman-cries-shaman-dies-billowing-smoke-beauty-evoked\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Anish Kapoor teamed up with Factum Arte<\/a>\u00a0in Spain to explore the simultaneously geometric and organic formal possibilities in vector-driven cement pumps, like a gigantic 3D printer. At a more precise resolution, we have adapted this to clay. It is essentially the same as coil-pot making. It&#8217;s an additive build-up of deposition material in a spiral, only at a much finer resolution. This brings a modern twist to the making of clay vessels, one of our earliest and therefore most important technical innovations. Unfold&#8217;s innovation, seen here, represents a conceptual melding of the oldest and newest of human technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"749\" data-attachment-id=\"8211\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-3-the-future-of-modeling\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,749\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kapoor_greyman_4946370534_o-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Anish Kapoor,\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.factum-arte.com\/eng\/artistas\/kapoor\/greyman_cries.asp\"><strong><em>Greyman Cries, Shaman Dies, Billowing Smoke, Beauty Evoked<\/em><\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<em>2009<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"483\" data-attachment-id=\"8567\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,755\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453-1024x483.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453-1024x483.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453-1024x483.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453-300x142.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453-768x362.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453-1536x725.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/unfold_fab_printing_with_clay_4945785453.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Unfold,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/unfoldfab.blogspot.com\/2010\/07\/anish-kapoor-grayman-cries-shaman-dies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>3D printed ceramic elements<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a02010<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subtraction_Carving\"><\/span>Subtraction | Carving<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"574\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8573\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/592059-scaled-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1434,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"592059-scaled-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-574x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-574x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-574x1024.jpg 574w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-168x300.jpg 168w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-768x1371.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-860x1536.jpg 860w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-1147x2048.jpg 1147w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1-300x536.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/592059-scaled-1.jpg 1434w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 574px) 100vw, 574px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Michelangelo,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlas_Slave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Atlas<\/a><\/strong>, c. 1520-23<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"540\" height=\"720\" data-attachment-id=\"8574\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/subtractive_carving_4944276829\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subtractive_carving_4944276829.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"540,720\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon PowerShot SD870 IS&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1366002956&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.076923076923077&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"subtractive_carving_4944276829\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subtractive_carving_4944276829.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subtractive_carving_4944276829.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8574\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subtractive_carving_4944276829.jpg 540w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subtractive_carving_4944276829-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subtractive_carving_4944276829-300x400.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Student project in carved plaster<\/em>. <em>From a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/employees.oneonta.edu\/sakoult\/3d\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3D design studio<\/a> by Thomas Sakoulas at State University of New York at Oneonta.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>Subtractive<\/strong>\u00a0work reveals the form hidden inside a larger volume through a process of\u00a0<em><strong>Carving<\/strong><\/em>. In traditional sculpture, durable and relatively homogeneous materials such as stone or wood are dug, drilled, chiseled, whittled or otherwise reduced with hand-held or machine tools to discover that form within.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not surprisingly, subtractive stone-based sculpture began in the Stone Age. The basic means remain unchanged to this day: digging out a softer material using a harder one. The unfinished\u00a0<strong><em>Slaves<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0of Michelangelo illustrate the process. Given the relatively high costs of raw materials, the use of plaster as a substitute for Michelangelo&#8217;s coveted white\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carrara\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Carrara<\/a>\u00a0marble is seen in subtractive exercises in a 3D design course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Booleans-2\"><\/span>Booleans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>In digital modeling, we can find a rough analogy to carving in the Boolean <strong>Difference<\/strong> or <strong>Subtract<\/strong> tool used to compound polygonal volumes. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"8572\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/boolean-difference\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/boolean-difference.gif\" data-orig-size=\"800,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"boolean-difference\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/boolean-difference.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/boolean-difference.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8572\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CNC_routing_and_milling\"><\/span>CNC routing and milling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"847\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8575\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/newson_chair_4947091310\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"938,1134\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1476297974&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"newson_chair_4947091310\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310-847x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310-847x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310-847x1024.jpg 847w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310-768x928.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310-300x363.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/newson_chair_4947091310.jpg 938w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 847px) 100vw, 847px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lindsayrgwatt.com\/archives\/old_blog\/17_Another_Art_Day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marc Newson<\/a>, <strong>chair<\/strong> CNC-milled from continuous block of marble, 2007<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>We can use digital models to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Numerical_control\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">numerically guide milling machines<\/a>. The subtractive process of carving precise geometries in the marbles prized in centuries gone by provides another blending of the ancient with the future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Assembly_Manipulation_Found_Object_Assemblage_Construction\"><\/span>Assembly | Manipulation | Found Object | Assemblage | Construction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"822\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8580\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/duchamp-wheel\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1710,2129\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"duchamp-wheel\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-822x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-822x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-822x1024.jpg 822w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-768x956.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-1234x1536.jpg 1234w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-1645x2048.jpg 1645w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel-300x374.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/duchamp-wheel.jpg 1710w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u00a0Marcel Duchamp,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sobrehistoria.com\/dada-el-anti-arte-al-extremo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Bicycle Wheel<\/strong><\/a>, 1964 replica of 1913 original\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8578\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"assembly_found-object_4944299651_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o-768x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/assembly_found-object_4944299651_o.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Student exploration in found-object transformation. From a studio by the author.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Assembly<\/strong>\u00a0is the most far-reaching process in the material pantheon. It encompasses the <em><strong>Manipulation<\/strong><\/em> of existing things through the use of <em><strong>Found Objects<\/strong><\/em>, <em><strong>Assemblage<\/strong><\/em>,\u00a0and <em><strong>Construction<\/strong><\/em>. We can work with almost any material in such a way. Processes in this category came into favor in the 20th Century largely through developments in\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synthetic_Cubism#Synthetic_Cubism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Synthetic Cubism<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dada<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Artworks, especially in architecture, have long been constructed (that is, made of a grouping of non-homogeneous materials), but the self-consciousness of\u00a0<em>Assembly<\/em>\u00a0processes in the last century is best seen in the absurd juxtapositions found in the early Readymades of Duchamp. Sculpture was never the same, with welding, gluing, stapling and stacking found in a large measure of sculptural output ever since. In a 3D design course, found object exercises usually stretch a student into aspects of metaphor and transformation such as the exercise seen here, wherein students were told to use a tool, not to\u00a0<em>manipulate<\/em>\u00a0a medium, but to\u00a0<em>become<\/em>\u00a0a medium itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Combine_and_booleans\"><\/span>Combine and booleans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Maya&#8217;s <strong>Combine<\/strong> command takes the simple juxtaposition of elements and turns it into something the software recognizes as a single element. It is a digital modeling analog to Assembly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"8579\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/maya-combine\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/maya-combine.gif\" data-orig-size=\"800,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"maya-combine\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/maya-combine.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/maya-combine.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8579\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<iframe allowfullscreen width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/p3d.in\/e\/fNEqp+spin\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>Separately modeled elements undergo Boolean <strong>Union<\/strong> operations to make one object in a student project. From a studio by the author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Found_objects_and_libraries\"><\/span>Found objects and libraries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" data-attachment-id=\"8581\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/wright_spore_4946502499_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"wright_spore_4946502499_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o-1024x819.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o-1024x819.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wright_spore_4946502499_o.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Will Wright, Screenshot of the\u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spore_%282008_video_game%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spore<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/origin-www.tech2.com\/india\/news\/smesmb\/six-strategies-for-smes-to-change-online-marketing\/43261\/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Creature Creator<\/a><\/strong>, 2008<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Downloading and manipulating digital files of pre-defined models is the digital equivalent of found-object manipulation. The interactive nature of gaming and web design, in conjunctionw with 3D modeling, creates opportunities for artists to generate assembly environments like the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spore_Creature_Creator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spore Creature Creator<\/a>, where the spectator becomes a participant in the assembly process using a library of elements. Spore creature creators have to date developed and uploaded more than double the number of species found on planet Earth!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Sites like <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thingiverse.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thingiverse<\/a><\/strong> and Prusa&#8217;s <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.printables.com\/\">Printables<\/a><\/strong> offer libraries of models, which user communities often remix and re-share under Creative Commons licensure. Remixing often employs <strong>mesh editors<\/strong>, which occupy a different corner of the 3D ecosystem than modeling software. <strong>Meshmixer<\/strong> is still a popular mesh editor in the maker community, even though Autodesk no longer supports it. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331105633\/http:\/\/www.meshmixer.com\/download.html\">Go to the <strong>Wayback Machine<\/strong><\/a> and you can still download it for Windows or Mac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\" data-attachment-id=\"8582\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/printables\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables.png\" data-orig-size=\"2756,2072\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"printables\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-1024x770.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-1024x770.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8582\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-1024x770.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-768x577.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-1536x1155.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/printables-2048x1540.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Printables<\/strong> site. A search for Michelangelo offers a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/social-sciences\/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines\/culture-low-and-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hi-lo-culture<\/a> mashup!<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Substitution_Casting\"><\/span>Substitution | Casting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"834\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8586\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/whiteread-rachel-b-1963-untitled-stairs\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"977,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Artwork Copyright: Rachel Whiter&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Whiteread, Rachel; Untitled (Stairs); Tate; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/untitled-stairs-290703&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright information and licence terms for this image can be found on the Art UK website at http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/29070&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Whiteread, Rachel, b.1963; Untitled (Stairs)&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Whiteread, Rachel, b.1963; Untitled (Stairs)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Whiteread, Rachel; Untitled (Stairs); Tate; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/untitled-stairs-290703&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341-834x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341-834x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341-834x1024.jpg 834w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341-768x943.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341-300x368.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/whiteread_stair_494489341.jpg 977w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Rachel Whiteread,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/adventcalendar\/2007\/artist18.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Untitled (Stairs)<\/strong><\/a>, 2001<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"527\" data-attachment-id=\"8587\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1177,606\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;KODAK DX4530 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1095236427&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;140&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.016666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"substitution_casting_4944309015_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o-1024x527.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o-1024x527.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8587\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o-1024x527.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o-768x395.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/substitution_casting_4944309015_o.jpg 1177w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Student experimental casting. From a studio by the author.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Substitution<\/strong>\u00a0is a process of creating a form in an original, intermediate material, in order to recreate that form in a second, final material. Called\u00a0<strong>Casting<\/strong>, this traditional process usually requires an original that has been formed\u00a0<strong>Additively<\/strong>\u00a0in a soft material like clay or wax, an intermediate mold of that form created in latex, plaster or other harder material. We finally introduce a more durable material such as metal or a resin polymer into the mold to generate the finished product. It typically follows that positive-negative-positive pattern irrespective of material. When the mold is reusable,\u00a0casting\u00a0has the advantage that many final works can be created from one original, the sculptural equivalent of printmaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8591\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/drumpf-cast\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1224,1632\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone 6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1460833993&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;4.15&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.033333333333333&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"drumpf-cast\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast-768x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/drumpf-cast.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>williamCromar, casting process for <strong>continuous profile (head of drumpf)<\/strong>, 2016. A quadrant mold was created in urethane from a 3D print, then cast in hydrocal plaster and assembled.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"750\" data-attachment-id=\"333\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/fabbing\/planetovolume\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"750,750\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1462465345&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"planeToVolume\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg 750w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>williamCromar, <strong>continuous profile (head of drumpf)<\/strong>, 2016<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mold-making\"><\/span>Mold-making<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bronze casting has been the traditional medium for\u00a0<strong>Substitution<\/strong>\u00a0for ages, but innovation in material science has led to a large palette of possible choices.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/adventcalendar\/2007\/artist18.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rachel Whiteread<\/a>\u00a0has gotten a lot of career mileage out of a disarmingly simple concept: working with spaces we take for granted: under a chair, in a stairwell. She presents a mass-void inversion though mold-making, giving presence to these forgotten spaces. Casting exercises usually use liquid-to-solid media like plaster, but the conceptually interesting student work seen here casts the liquid found in common drink packages, using said package as mold and freezing it (and yes, it melts, but that&#8217;s one of the conceptual points).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3D_scanning\"><\/span>3D scanning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>3D scanning is a way of acquiring, storing, and manipulating dimensional data from the tactile world. It is the digital equivalent of mold-making. In a famous reference object, the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cc.gatech.edu\/~turk\/bunny\/bunny.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Stanford Bunny<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0dataset was scanned from a common terra-cotta garden tschochke and can be found at the <strong>Stanford 3D Scanning Repository<\/strong>. Led by Brian Curless and Marc Levoy, the Stanford team went on to create a major work in their seminal scans of Michelangelo&#8217;s work,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/projects\/mich\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the process of which is illustrated at their website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"756\" data-attachment-id=\"8589\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,756\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;16&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS D30&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1049137985&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;135&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.5&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8589\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o.jpg 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o-300x284.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/stanford_bunny_actual_4947162782_o-768x726.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/data\/3Dscanrep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">original<\/a>\u00a0terra-cotta bunny scanned for the <strong>Stanford Bunny<\/strong>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe allowfullscreen width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/p3d.in\/e\/RJi0v+spin\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Mesh of the <strong>Stanford Bunny<\/strong> scan<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>7-minute read While the idea of making has evolved radically through two revolutions \u2014 the Industrial and the Digital. However, the kinds of making remain relatively fixed by the properties of the material world. We can manipulate by hand, machine, digital interface, or some hybrid among these. No matter the means, material processes generally organize&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paralleluniverses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CHAPTER 14 \u2014 Metaphors to Sculpture - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter 14 Metaphors to Sculpture: How digital modeling is informed by the processes of addition, subtraction, assembly, and substitution.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-14-metaphors-to-sculpture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHAPTER 14 \u2014 Metaphors to Sculpture - 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