{"id":8388,"date":"2024-03-23T02:53:07","date_gmt":"2024-03-23T02:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=8388"},"modified":"2024-03-23T02:53:12","modified_gmt":"2024-03-23T02:53:12","slug":"chapter-8-visual-principles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPTER 8 \u2014 Visual Principles"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10d93e2672\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10d93e2672\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Principles_are_enzymes\" >Principles are enzymes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Our_working_list_of_principles\" >Our working list of principles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Relationships_among_principles\" >Relationships among principles<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Unity\" >Unity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Related_terms_Wholeness_Variety\" >Related terms: Wholeness, Variety<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Contrast\" >Contrast<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Related_terms_Complexity_Harmony_Simplicity\" >Related terms: Complexity, Harmony, Simplicity<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Hierarchy\" >Hierarchy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Related_terms_Emphasis-Subordination_Focal_Point\" >Related terms: Emphasis-Subordination, Focal Point<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Economy\" >Economy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Related_terms_Essence_Less-is-more\" >Related terms: Essence, Less-is-more<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Balance\" >Balance<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Equilibrium\" >Equilibrium<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Symmetry\" >Symmetry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Asymmetry\" >Asymmetry<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Pattern\" >Pattern<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Related_term_Repetition\" >Related term: Repetition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Rhythm\" >Rhythm<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Progression\" >Progression<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Direction\" >Direction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Related_terms_Force_Movement\" >Related terms: Force, Movement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Scale_Proportion\" >Scale + Proportion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Scale\" >Scale<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Proportion\" >Proportion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Ratio\" >Ratio<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/#Format\" >Format<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><em>11-minute read<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"694\" data-attachment-id=\"30\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses_01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" data-orig-size=\"694,694\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parallelUniverses_01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png?resize=694%2C694&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png 694w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles_are_enzymes\"><\/span>Principles are enzymes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We can manipulate and organize <strong>Elements\u00a0<\/strong>by using\u00a0<strong>Principles<\/strong>. Easy enough, but here&#8217;s the confusing part: some\u00a0Principles\u00a0can also be manipulated and organized using <em>Principles<\/em>! For example, <strong>Shape<\/strong> (an Element) can be organized into <strong>Pattern<\/strong> (a Principle) that is generated through the use of <strong>Symmetry<\/strong> (a Principle). In other words, we can use any one Principle to effect the presence of another. Thus, if we can turn to a molecular analogy, a Principle can act like an <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enzyme\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">enzyme<\/a>, a molecule that converts other molecules into new compounds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"718\" data-attachment-id=\"8391\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/lewitt-abcd-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd.png\" data-orig-size=\"1244,872\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lewitt-abcd\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd-1024x718.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd-1024x718.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8391\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd-1024x718.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/lewitt-abcd.png 1244w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sol LeWitt, <a href=\"https:\/\/honorfraser.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alprojectabcd5sl72dpi.jpg\"><strong>Serial Project ABCD 5<\/strong><\/a>, 1968<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As with Elements, not every Principle needs to be present for a work of art to be considered whole. By analogy, when one drinks milk, the enzyme <em>lactase<\/em> breaks down the sugar <em>lactose<\/em>. A <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lactose_intolerance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">lactose intolerant<\/a> person lacks the enzyme, but can still thrive without lactase by avoiding milk. So too it is with the presence of Principles. An artist or designer can be intuitively selective, using Principles that support a particular work&#8217;s narrative or behavior and avoiding those that don\u2019t. And, it should be noted that such a selection <em>is<\/em> intuitive \u2014 artists certainly don\u2019t indulge in an explicit internal dialogue such as \u201cI think I\u2019ll use <strong>Scale<\/strong> and<strong> Balance<\/strong> here.\u201d Lists like the one below are useful to <em>inform<\/em> intuition, not replace it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Principles are hard to pin down because they are often used to express <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dualism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dualities<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dichotomy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dichotomies<\/a>, or the extremes of a spectrum. It is difficult, for example, to think of spatial <strong>Contrast<\/strong> without developing a mass <em>with<\/em> a void, or to think of <strong>Unity<\/strong> without its counterpart <strong>Variety<\/strong>. Further adding to the confusion, Principles can be applied to <em>objects<\/em> or <em>events \u2014<\/em> it&#8217;s easy to talk about <strong>Rhythm<\/strong> in terms of both space (think grid) and time (think beat).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Our_working_list_of_principles\"><\/span>Our working list of principles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The icing on the confusion cake is this: every author seems to have a slightly different list of Principles by name or number. \u00a0Some limit the list to four or five, while others include a dozen. Sometimes, an author will use the word <strong>Direction<\/strong> while another author uses <strong>Movement<\/strong> \u2014 somewhat synonymous terms, but this lack of consistent terminology makes the discussion of Principles difficult to parse across the literature. Because different lists also appear in somewhat arbitrary order in most texts, it\u2019s difficult to understand the reciprocal, cause-and-effect relationships that might occur among the Principles. This text will attempt to model a coherent set of Principles in an intuitively useful order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the more commonly cited Principles are <strong>Unity<\/strong>, <strong>Contrast<\/strong>, <strong>Hierarchy<\/strong>, <strong>Economy<\/strong>, <strong>Balance<\/strong>, <strong>Pattern<\/strong>, <strong>Direction,<\/strong> and<strong> Scale<\/strong>. These names have many related terms, synonyms, and antonyms. These will be described below, but the list above will become the standard for this text. Unity, Contrast, Hierarchy, and Economy are Principles more often applied <strong>globally<\/strong>; that is, to an artwork as a whole. Balance, Pattern, Direction and Scale are more often employed <strong>locally<\/strong> or <strong>internally<\/strong>; that is, to parts of a work in relation to its sense of wholeness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As with all generalizations, there are exceptions, but it\u2019s not a bad way to attempt to order a long, undifferentiated list of eight Principles into a taxonomy of two succinct groups. Along with related terms and antonyms, we can compile the list as seen in\u00a0the table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\t.demoele {\n\t\twidth:100%;\n\t\tborder:0px none;\n\t\tborder-collapse:collapse;\n\t\tpadding:5px;\n                text-align: center;\n\t}\n\t.demoele th {\n\t\tborder:0px none;\n\t\tpadding:5px;\n\t}\n\t.demoele td {\n\t\tborder:0px none;\n\t\tpadding:5px;\n\t}\n\n\t.cellback {\n\t\tbackground:#eeeeee;\n\t}\n\n<\/style>\n<table class=\"demoele\">\n\t<tbody>\n        <tr class=\"cellback\">\n                <td><strong>Principle<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t<td><strong>Subsets<\/strong><\/td>\n\t\t<td><strong>Application<\/strong><\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\t\t<tr>\n\n\t\t<td>Unity<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Wholeness, Variety<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Global, external<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr>\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Contrast<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Complexity, Harmony<\/td>\n\t\t<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr>\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Hierarchy<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Emphasis, Subordination<\/td>\n\t\t<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr>\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Economy<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Essence, Less-is-more<\/td>\n\t\t<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr class=\"cellback\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Balance<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Equilibrium, Symmetry<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Local, internal<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr class=\"cellback\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Pattern<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Repetition, Rhythm<\/td>\n\t\t<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr class=\"cellback\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Direction<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Force, Movement<\/td>\n\t\t<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tr class=\"cellback\">\n\t\t\n\t\t<td>Scale<\/td>\n\t\t<td>Proportion, Ratio<\/td>\n\t\t<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n\t<\/tr>\n\t<tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relationships_among_principles\"><\/span>Relationships among principles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The table, while useful, implies a false sense that some Principles do not relate to others, when in fact there is the potential for direct and reciprocal cause-and-effect relationships among <strong>all<\/strong> of them. To illustrate this, we create a web of connections as seen here. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This web is meaningful but difficult to read. It is a fortunate coincidence that the pattern is a 2D expression of vector relationships that exist among the vertices of a cube. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_8388\" id=\"identifier_1_8388\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"For the geometrically curious, this relationship begins as a cubical graph. When lines representing all edges, face diagonals, and cell diagonals are added to the cubical graph, it becomes a complete graph. The web in this figure is based on an octagon in which all vertices are thusly connected, and such a graph is denoted K8 in a mathematical convention. For more, see Wolfram MathWorld at http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com.\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Thus, the\u00a0purpose\u00a0of the diagram is easier to see in a 3D model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8399\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/visual_principles_flat_5847076692_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/visual_principles_flat_5847076692_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"[]\" data-image-title=\"visual_principles_flat_5847076692_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/visual_principles_flat_5847076692_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/visual_principles_flat_5847076692_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8399\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Web of relationships among visual principles. Treating the diagram as a flattened cube,\u00a0we can assign principles to vertices, while vectors map onto cube edges (thickest line), face diagonals (middle thickness), and cell diagonals<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8401\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/principle_cube_5844719025_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/principle_cube_5844719025_o-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2362,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"principle_cube_5844719025_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/principle_cube_5844719025_o-945x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/principle_cube_5844719025_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8401\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The visually complex, flat 2D diagram becomes a clear, simple cube occupied by two intertwined, tetrahedral relationships: a <strong>3D Diagram of Visual Principles.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As the Principles are defined below, examples are selected from tactile 3D disciplines like sculpture and architecture and related to the world of 3D modeling, in specific, but certainly not exhaustive, ways.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unity\"><\/span><a><\/a>Unity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_terms_Wholeness_Variety\"><\/span>Related terms: Wholeness, Variety<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"580\" data-attachment-id=\"7312\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981-jpglarge\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"750,580\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg 750w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge-300x232.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Anish Kapoor, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.anishkapoor.com\/works\/gallery\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>To Reflect an Intimate Part of the Red<\/strong><\/a>, 1981<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Unity<\/strong> and <strong>Variety<\/strong>\u00a0are a duality, and it is difficult to express one without at least implying the other. <strong>Unity<\/strong> is a quality of wholeness and completeness, providing the viewer with the perception that nothing needs to be added or taken away. <strong>Variety<\/strong> is a quality of harmonious difference without which it is difficult to achieve visual or conceptual richness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contrast\"><\/span>Contrast<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_terms_Complexity_Harmony_Simplicity\"><\/span>Related terms: Complexity, Harmony, Simplicity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"450\" data-attachment-id=\"2882\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mesh-mods\/puryear02\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/puryear02.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"709,450\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"puryear02\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/puryear02.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/puryear02.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/puryear02.jpg 709w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/puryear02-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Martin Puryear,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.moma.org\/interactives\/exhibitions\/2007\/martinpuryear\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>C.F.A.O.<\/strong><\/a>, 2006-7<\/em>\u00a0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>ontrast<\/strong>\u00a0occurs when objects or events that contain elemental or qualitative degrees of\u00a0<em>difference<\/em>\u00a0combine within a visual field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"807\" height=\"807\" data-attachment-id=\"8404\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/contrast_4940293398_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"807,807\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"contrast_4940293398_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o.jpg 807w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/contrast_4940293398_o-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 807px) 100vw, 807px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Diagram of contrast relationships<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>In the diagram, a few of the innumerable possibilities of\u00a0<strong>Contrast<\/strong>\u00a0are illustrated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reading the top row, left to right, we see straight vs curved line, round vs square form, and figure vs ground. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the middle, light vs dark tone, large vs small size, and color complementarity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the bottom, light vs heavy vs gradient lines, geometric vs amorphous planes, and hard vs soft edges.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-attachment-id=\"8405\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/home-honey-house\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1140,760\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"home-honey-house\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house-1024x683.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/home-honey-house.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>TangenT Art Collaborative, <strong>Home (Honey House)<\/strong>,\u00a02010<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Harmony<\/strong> occurs when objects contain elemental degrees of similarity. The use of adjacent colors on the color wheel, similar shapes, and repetition of a texture will tend to visually link elements in a visual field. Like <strong>Unity<\/strong> and<strong> Variety<\/strong>, consider <strong>Contrast<\/strong> and<strong> Harmony<\/strong> as two sides of one coin \u2014 that is, it\u2019s hard to have one without the other in a given work.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hierarchy\"><\/span>Hierarchy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_terms_Emphasis-Subordination_Focal_Point\"><\/span>Related terms: Emphasis-Subordination, Focal Point<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8406\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/76-2553-51_ph_web-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"835,1280\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"76.2553.51_ph_web-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1-668x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1-668x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1-668x1024.jpg 668w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1-768x1177.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1-300x460.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.51_ph_web-1.jpg 835w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Constantin Brancusi, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lealeeart.com\/what_we_looking_for\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Bird in Space<\/strong><\/a>, 1922-23<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Emphasis<\/strong> and <strong>Subordination<\/strong> are relationships of order among objects or events that can occur within a Hierarchy and are a visual analog to grammar. Like a main clause in a sentence, a primary object or event is given <strong>Emphasis<\/strong>, while <strong>Subordinate<\/strong> entities are dependent on and either modify or complement the emphasized feature. All elements are necessary for a <strong>Hierarchy<\/strong>, even as we govern degrees of importance by manipulation of other Principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In modeling, <strong>Hierarchy<\/strong> takes on a special meaning, as we graft NURBS patches onto one another, Boolean operations occur, characters are rigged for animation, a higher resolution of polygon density is set for proximity to a camera, and so on. These dependencies permit making complex objects out of simpler ones.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economy\"><\/span>Economy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_terms_Essence_Less-is-more\"><\/span>Related terms: Essence, Less-is-more<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"929\" data-attachment-id=\"8409\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"880,929\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310.jpg 880w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310-284x300.jpg 284w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310-768x811.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/land-art-andy-goldsworthy-310-300x317.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Andy\u00a0Goldsworthy, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.beardedgull.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Derwent Water, Cumbria, 8 March 1988<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a01988\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Economy<\/strong> is an approach to making where, in the words of architect Mies van der Rohe, &#8220;less is more.&#8221; Ambiguity, resonance, frugality, essence, and richness of concept are all byproducts of working with an economy of means. Here, the circle is completed through reflection, leading to an ambiguous spatial reading through an efficiency of effort. In 3D modeling, frugality of description and simplicity of geometry pay off in processing time and workflow.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Balance\"><\/span>Balance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Balance<\/strong> in 3D design is both a physical and visual attribute. Dynamic physical forces are usually expressed as masses under the influence of gravity. These achieve stability through <strong>Equilibrium<\/strong>, while we can achieve harmony among visual elements through the use of <strong>Symmetry<\/strong> or <strong>Asymmetry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Equilibrium\"><\/span>Equilibrium<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8411\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/giac-chariot\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-scaled.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1470,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"giac-chariot\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-588x1024.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-588x1024.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-588x1024.webp 588w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-172x300.webp 172w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-768x1338.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-882x1536.webp 882w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-1176x2048.webp 1176w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-300x523.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-chariot-scaled.webp 1470w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Alberto Giacometti,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/Galleries\/Artwork_Detail.asp?G=&amp;gid=826&amp;which=&amp;ViewArtistBy=&amp;aid=6923&amp;wid=424376972&amp;source=artist&amp;rta=http:\/\/www.artnet.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Chariot<\/strong><\/a>, 1950\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"8412\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"balance_symmetry_4939430802_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o.jpg 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_symmetry_4939430802_o-768x288.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Equilibrium of equal weights<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Equilibrium<\/strong> is a state of physical stability, where dynamic forces hold each other in check. Equivalent masses achieve balance channeling through equal distribution of structure, as seen here, and is the physical equivalent of <strong>Symmetry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"825\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8413\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/giac-nose\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,2541\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"giac-nose\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose-825x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose-825x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose-825x1024.jpg 825w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose-768x953.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/giac-nose.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Alberto Giacometti,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.surrealists.co.uk\/viewPicture\/106\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Nose<\/strong><\/a>, 1947<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"8414\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o.jpg 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/balance_asymmetry_4938846159_o-768x288.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Equilibrium of unequal weights<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In a system where <strong>unequal<\/strong> masses achieve <strong>Equilibrium<\/strong>, forces stabilize at a center of gravity, creating the equivalent of <strong>Asymmetry<\/strong> seen here. There is a sense of inherent risk and dynamism about a system of equilibrated, unequal masses, but in 3D modeling, <em>there are no laws of physics!<\/em>\u00a0 The modeler must use their judgment, based on experience in the tactile world, to achieve a correct sense of equilibrium among competing forces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Symmetry\"><\/span>Symmetry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"890\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"1428\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/hidden-geometry\/villa_rotonda_front\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Villa_Rotonda_front.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"890,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Villa_Rotonda_front\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Villa_Rotonda_front.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Villa_Rotonda_front.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Villa_Rotonda_front.jpg 890w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Villa_Rotonda_front-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Villa_Rotonda_front-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 890px) 100vw, 890px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Andrea Palladio,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Villa Rotonda<\/strong><\/a>, facade, 1567-91\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Symmetry<\/strong> is a stable, visual condition of <strong>Balance<\/strong>, achievable by correspondence of elements placed on opposing sides of a <strong>center point<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>axis,<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>plane<\/strong>. We always feel the presence of this controlling geometry, even if we don&#8217;t see it visually expressed. We govern <strong>Reflection<\/strong> symmetry with an axis in 2D and a plane in 3D.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"719\" data-attachment-id=\"7547\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-10-expressions-of-geometry\/andrea_palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,899\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720-1024x719.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720-1024x719.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7547\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720-1024x719.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Andrea_Palladio_his_life_and_works_1902_14577899720.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Andrea Palladio,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Villa Rotonda<\/strong><\/a>, plan, 1567-91\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Radial<\/strong> symmetry is governed by a center point or axis or rotation. In modeling, taking advantage of symmetry is useful, as a portion of an element can be modeled, then copied, mirrored, and moved to complete the whole.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Asymmetry\"><\/span>Asymmetry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8416\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,2048\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048&amp;#215;2048-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vertical-constellation-with-bomb-1943-e1613333897918-2048x2048-1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Alexander Calder,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nga.gov\/feature\/artnation\/calder\/constellations_1.shtm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Vertical Constellation with Bomb<\/strong><\/a>, 1943\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Asymmetry<\/strong> can create <strong>Balance<\/strong> by developing harmony among <strong>unequal<\/strong> visual elements. Dynamic, diagonal <strong>implied lines<\/strong> replace the stable, upright axis of <strong>Symmetry<\/strong> as a controlling geometry. Asymmetry is highly relative. The terms of balance can change radically with the introduction of a variable condition such as color.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"807\" height=\"544\" data-attachment-id=\"8417\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"807,544\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o.jpg 807w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/asymmetrical_balance_4939999020_o-768x518.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 807px) 100vw, 807px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Diagram of asymmetrical balance<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>In the upper left panel, we balance a <strong>large<\/strong> object with a <strong>group<\/strong> of smaller ones. Below it, a receding blue applied to the large object is balanced by visually advancing yellow applied to <strong>only one<\/strong> small object. In the upper center panel, we balance a <strong>large object at the center<\/strong> with a <strong>small object near the edge<\/strong>. Below, we reverse this when we apply a highly saturated color to a <strong>smaller central object<\/strong>, now balanced by a <strong>larger, lighter object at the edge<\/strong>. Lastly, at the top right, a <strong>large simple object<\/strong> balances a <strong>smaller complex object<\/strong>. Below it, color changes balance: on a green background, the complement red emphasizes a <strong>smaller simpler object<\/strong>, now balanced by a <strong>larger complex object<\/strong> rendered in green&#8217;s analogous color, blue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pattern\"><\/span>Pattern<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_term_Repetition\"><\/span>Related term: Repetition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-attachment-id=\"8064\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_025\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1707\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Maros Mraz&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 30D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1186388379&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;59&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.16666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_025\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1024x683.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8064\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tomb of Qin Shi Huang,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terracotta_Army\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Terracotta Army<\/strong><\/a>, circa 210 BC<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Pattern<\/strong> or <strong>Repetition<\/strong> occurs when an original element or event is copied and multiplied in a recurring arrangement, or when a quality is held in common by entities within a composition. When we control such a composition by mathematical or geometrical relationships, this creates a predictable visual <strong>Rhythm<\/strong> or <strong>Progression<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rhythm\"><\/span>Rhythm<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"788\" data-attachment-id=\"8418\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1154\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;1996-98 AccuSoft Inc., All right&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3-1024x788.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3-1024x788.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3-1024x788.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3-768x591.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0maya_lin_wave_field_4937395663_o3.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Maya Lin,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abbeville.com\/bookpage.asp?isbn=0789208814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Wave Field<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a01995<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Rhythm<\/strong> in art is a visual analog to music, where the placement of visual elements occurs in a composition in a mathematical way, creating a predictable flow or regularity. A grid or module governs the visible work much as a beat or meter governs music. The use of reference planes and a workflow including copy and move makes achieving rhythm possible in digital 3D modeling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Progression\"><\/span>Progression<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1023\" data-attachment-id=\"8420\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/converging_pattern\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Converging_Pattern.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"682,1023\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Converging_Pattern\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Converging_Pattern.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Converging_Pattern.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Converging_Pattern.jpg 682w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Converging_Pattern-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Converging_Pattern-300x450.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Kenneth Snelson,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenneth_Snelson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Needle Tower<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a01968<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>When we control a pattern by regulated change, adding or multiplying each element in a sequence by a constant value, <strong>Progression<\/strong>\u00a0occurs. In modeling, adding the scale function to copy and move facilitates the development of a progression out of a rhythm.<br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Direction\"><\/span>Direction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_terms_Force_Movement\"><\/span>Related terms: Force, Movement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"790\" data-attachment-id=\"8422\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/fernand_leger_1919_the_city_la_ville_oil_on_canvas_231-1_x_298-4_cm_philadelphia_museum_of_art\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,988\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art-1024x790.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art-1024x790.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art-1024x790.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art-768x593.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Fernand_Leger_1919_The_City_La_Ville_oil_on_canvas_231.1_x_298.4_cm_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Fernand Leger, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.philamuseum.org\/collections\/permanent\/53928.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>The City<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a01919\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Directional <strong>Force<\/strong> and<strong> Movement<\/strong> influence how we pay attention to focal points and visual structures by creating implied paths for the eye to follow through the work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scale_Proportion\"><\/span>Scale + Proportion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We often confuse <strong>Scale<\/strong> and<strong> Proportion<\/strong> with <strong>size<\/strong>, and with each other. Size is merely the dimension of an object when we compare it to an abstract standard modulus like an inch, meter, cubit, or furlong. <strong>Scale<\/strong> and<strong> Proportion<\/strong> describe different relative conditions of size, described below. We can express Proportion regulated by mathematical precision as a\u00a0<strong>Ratio<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scale\"><\/span>Scale<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"688\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8423\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/claes-oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1375,2048\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-688x1024.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-688x1024.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-688x1024.webp 688w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-201x300.webp 201w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-768x1144.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-1031x1536.webp 1031w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03-300x447.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Claes-Oldenburg-sculptor-artist-dies-03.webp 1375w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Claes Oldenburg,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.evansville.edu\/rl29\/art105\/sp04\/art105-3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Clothespin<\/strong><\/a>, 1976<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Scale<\/strong> expresses the relationship of the size of an object to context or external relationships, for example with the human body. Changing the size of an object changes its scale in a fixed environment, but changing the environment can also change the object&#8217;s scale without changing the object&#8217;s size.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"555\" data-attachment-id=\"8424\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/ebbinghaus\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ebbinghaus.png\" data-orig-size=\"900,555\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ebbinghaus\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ebbinghaus.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ebbinghaus.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ebbinghaus.png 900w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ebbinghaus-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ebbinghaus-768x474.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ebbinghaus illusion<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The Ebbinghaus illusion demonstrates the power of context to change perception of scale. Circles surrounding a pair of central circles mask the fact that the central circles are identical in size.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"415\" data-attachment-id=\"8425\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,415\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_new_model_4940725451_o-300x249.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, scale model,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/philly.brownstoner.com\/2010\/07\/new_oldenburg_for_center_city.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Paintbrush<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0proposal,\u00a02010<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Oldenburg and van Bruggen illustrate the use of a <strong>scale model<\/strong>. In an interesting twist, a scale model transports an entire environment to another context where we can appreciate relationships internal to the scale model.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"688\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8426\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/oldenburg_paintbrush\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1719,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"oldenburg_paintbrush\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-688x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-688x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-688x1024.jpg 688w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-768x1143.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-1032x1536.jpg 1032w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oldenburg_paintbrush-scaled.jpg 1719w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/philly.brownstoner.com\/2010\/07\/new_oldenburg_for_center_city.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Paintbrush<\/strong><\/a> installed<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Digital models are not scale models. We create them with a 1:1 relationship to an intended actual size \u2014 an inch in the model environment represents an inch in real space. However, we can scale a digital model in the same way a physical model can, by expressing a smaller unit representing a larger one, a useful conceptual trick for 3D physical output.\u00a0That said, the model environment exists in a mediated world, abstract and apart from human scale and physical space. To appreciate the scale of objects created in a digital model, the modeler must appreciate the size of the modeled objects. One way to do this is to mock up an object using cardboard; another is to use a tape measure to see what size actually &#8220;feels&#8221; like in real space.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Proportion\"><\/span>Proportion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"977\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8427\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1584,1660\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-977x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-977x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-977x1024.jpg 977w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-286x300.jpg 286w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-768x805.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-1466x1536.jpg 1466w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o-300x314.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/michelangelo_pieta_4940725407_o.jpg 1584w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Michelangelo Buonarrotti,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piet%C3%A0_%28Michelangelo%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>La Piet\u00e0<\/strong><\/a>, 1499\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>If <strong>Scale<\/strong> is the relationship of an object to its context, <strong>Proportion <\/strong>describes the relationship of part to part, or of part to whole. This occurs internally within an object and is independent of scale. Visually &#8220;correct&#8221; proportion can involve actual distortion that supports structure and narrative, such as here, where the figure of Mary is about 3:2 larger than the figure of Christ, almost <a href=\"http:\/\/www.saintpetersbasilica.org\/Docs\/seminarians5.htm\">3 feet taller<\/a> if the figures could stand up.\u00a0<br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ratio\"><\/span>Ratio<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"644\" data-attachment-id=\"8429\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075.png\" data-orig-size=\"2492,1568\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-1024x644.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-1024x644.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-1024x644.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-768x483.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-1536x966.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/doczi_spearbearer_ratio_4940943075-2048x1289.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/zlatnirez.springnote.com\/pages\/5692507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gyorgy Doczi<\/a>, illustration of ratios found in\u00a0<strong>Doryphoros<\/strong><\/em> <em>by Polykleitos. Ratios include derivations of the\u00a0Golden Ratio.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"524\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8430\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/spearbearer_4940943453_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1050,2050\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"spearbearer_4940943453_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-524x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-524x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-524x1024.jpg 524w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-154x300.jpg 154w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-768x1499.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-787x1536.jpg 787w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-1049x2048.jpg 1049w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o-300x586.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/spearbearer_4940943453_o.jpg 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Polykleitos,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aasd.k12.wi.us\/Staff\/lawrencebarbar\/Lawrancebarbara\/ch05\/index05.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Doryphoros<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0c. 450 BC<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Ratio<\/strong> is<strong> <\/strong>Proportion\u00a0that we govern mathematically. When measured, Proportion can be a statement of equivalence between two or more ratios (i.e., all squares are 1:1, regardless of size). Ratio therefore expresses a quantifiable and scalable relationship, usually expressed as a quotient. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note the significant proportional constants expressed by <a href=\"http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/PythagorassConstant.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u221a2<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/Pi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>\u03c0<\/em><\/a>, the<a href=\"http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/FibonacciNumber.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <em>Fibonacci Sequence<\/em><\/a>, or the <a href=\"http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/GoldenRatio.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Golden Ratio<\/em><\/a> (also known as <em>phi<\/em> or<em> \u03d5<\/em>). We find these in natural patterns of growth and many artworks, although some claims of their use border on the mystical and must be approached critically. The diagram demonstrates a reasoned application of the Golden Ratio (1.618&#8230;), an irrational number, to Classical sculpture. Digital modeling, by nature, is where art and mathematics collide, and these numbers become useful.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Format\"><\/span><a><\/a>Format<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We use <strong>Format<\/strong> to describe a conventional ratio for a two-dimensional picture plane. Nonetheless, in modeling, the format is an important consideration: much of what the artist generates either occurs on a monitor or laptop screen, like the monitor pixel resolution of a MacBook Pro, which by the way yields a 1:1.6 ratio, very close to the Golden Ratio! Much of the output for modeling occurs in still renderings that emulate standard formats for photographs (like 8-by-10) or videos that work with standard screen formats (like 16:9). Be aware that format can subtly affect the way you model \u2014 know when to acknowledge and when to ignore this on your result. Especially with photograph-like imagery, we can orient a format horizontally or vertically. We call these orientations\u00a0<em>landscape<\/em>\u00a0format and\u00a0<em>portrait<\/em>\u00a0format respectively, for reasons you can easily deduce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"664\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8433\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/standard_grid_vert-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert.png\" data-orig-size=\"829,1279\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"standard_grid_vert\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert-664x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert-664x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8433\" style=\"width:220px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert-664x1024.png 664w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert-194x300.png 194w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert-768x1185.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert-300x463.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid_vert.png 829w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Vertical format, or &#8220;portrait&#8221;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"664\" data-attachment-id=\"8432\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/standard_grid-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid.png\" data-orig-size=\"1279,829\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"standard_grid\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid-1024x664.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid-1024x664.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8432\" style=\"width:340px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid-1024x664.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid-768x498.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/standard_grid.png 1279w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Horizontal format, or &#8220;landscape&#8221;\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>You\u2019ll notice a relative rarity of the 1:1 format \u2014 a square. It\u2019s surprisingly hard to work with. Rarer still are non-rectilinear formats, such as the circular format known as the\u00a0tondo\u00a0or the oval format (sometimes called a\u00a0vignette\u00a0image in photography when the oval results from blurred edges). Again, all of these choices are of primary concern when still rendering is the output goal, but remember: rendering starts in the model but ends in Photoshop. We can achieve many of our format choices more easily through a raster-image editor.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_8388\" class=\"footnote\">For the geometrically curious, this relationship begins as a cubical graph. When lines representing all edges, face diagonals, and cell diagonals are added to the cubical graph, it becomes a complete graph. The web in this figure is based on an octagon in which all vertices are thusly connected, and such a graph is denoted K8 in a mathematical convention. For more, see Wolfram MathWorld at http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_8388\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>11-minute read Principles are enzymes We can manipulate and organize Elements\u00a0by using\u00a0Principles. Easy enough, but here&#8217;s the confusing part: some\u00a0Principles\u00a0can also be manipulated and organized using Principles! For example, Shape (an Element) can be organized into Pattern (a Principle) that is generated through the use of Symmetry (a Principle). In other words, we can use&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paralleluniverses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CHAPTER 8 \u2014 Visual Principles - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter 8 Visual Principles: How we use Unity, Contrast, Hierarchy, Economy, Balance, Pattern, Direction, and Scale + Proportion\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-8-visual-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHAPTER 8 \u2014 Visual Principles - 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