{"id":8121,"date":"2024-03-17T16:47:46","date_gmt":"2024-03-17T16:47:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=8121"},"modified":"2024-03-17T16:47:52","modified_gmt":"2024-03-17T16:47:52","slug":"chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPTER 2 \u2014 Concepts of Modeling"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10d1c43f38\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10d1c43f38\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Cosmology\" >Cosmology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Geography\" >Geography<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Mapping_and_dimensionality\" >Mapping and dimensionality<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Archetype_and_myth\" >Archetype and myth<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Jungian_archetypes\" >Jungian archetypes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Monomyth_and_narrative\" >Monomyth and narrative<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Theory_and_diagram\" >Theory and diagram<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Scientific_modeling\" >Scientific modeling<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Making_the_abstract_tangible\" >Making the abstract tangible<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Prototype_and_production\" >Prototype and production<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Miniatures_and_mock-ups\" >Miniatures and mock-ups<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/#Spectacle_propaganda_and_kitsch\" >Spectacle, propaganda, and kitsch<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><em>10-minute read<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"694\" data-attachment-id=\"30\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses_01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" data-orig-size=\"694,694\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parallelUniverses_01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png?resize=694%2C694&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png 694w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>What is a model? We\u2019ve learned that the mental image you have in response to that question is itself a model. A model can be an&nbsp;<em>ideal<\/em>&nbsp;or an&nbsp;<em>abstraction<\/em>, a&nbsp;<em>pragmatic<\/em>&nbsp;object or an object of&nbsp;<em>kitsch<\/em>. We&#8217;ll take a brief look at these concepts of the model as a way to clarify the place of digital modeling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"926\" data-attachment-id=\"8129\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1157,1046\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Image copyright History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries.  Permission granted for global, media-neutral&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o-1024x926.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o-1024x926.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o-1024x926.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o-300x271.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o-768x694.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/flammarion_woodcut_4986155550_o.jpg 1157w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Unknown artist, woodcut illustration for page 163 of Camille Flammarion&#8217;s \u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flammarion_engraving\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">L&#8217;Atmosphere: M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Populaire<\/a><\/strong>, 1888. The caption translates: &#8220;A medieval missionary tells that he has found the point where heaven and Earth meet&#8230;&#8221;.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cosmology\"><\/span>Cosmology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Before a rigorous scientific study of the cosmos came the field of <strong>cosmology<\/strong>. Cosmological explanations of the Universe were dominated by religious and metaphysical models. Many of those models still carry a strong metaphorical value. For these belief systems, creation (or <strong>cosmogony<\/strong>) and destruction (or <em><strong>eschatology<\/strong><\/em>) of the Universe play an important role in developing ethical and existential models for humanity&#8217;s role in the world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8131\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/yin_and_yang_symbol-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"1024,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8131\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Yin_and_Yang.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Taoist yin-yang<\/a> model\u00a0of dualities<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8132\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"724,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Michael Paukner&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o.jpg 724w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hebrew_cosmology_5002772505_o-300x424.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/michaelpaukner\/4077736695\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hebrew cosmology model<\/a> by Michael Paukner, art director of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.substudio.com\/\">Substudio<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8133\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o.png\" data-orig-size=\"2000,2883\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o-710x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o-710x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o-710x1024.png 710w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o-768x1107.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o-1066x1536.png 1066w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/islamic_cosmology_5003379654_o.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.faithfreedom.org\/debates\/NaikCampbellp8.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Islamic cosmology model<\/a>. Note the similarity of the stacking motif to the Hindu cosmology model<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"757\" data-attachment-id=\"8134\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,757\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o.jpg 900w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/hindu_cosmology_5002772843_o-768x646.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_cosmic_tortoise,_and_Mount_Meru.jpg\">Hindu cosmology model<\/a> from an atlas by the geographer Thunot Duvotenay, 1843<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"697\" data-attachment-id=\"3107\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/world-building\/101_skydome\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome.png\" data-orig-size=\"1050,715\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"101_skydome\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome-1024x697.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome-1024x697.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome-1024x697.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome-768x523.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/101_skydome.png 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>This skydome in Maya suggests the illusion of the sky, reminiscent of the Hebrew model of domed sky and flat earth<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>As humans applied science to cosmology, cosmological models came to be based on more subtle perceptual realities. The geocentric theory of the cosmos proposed by Ptolemy could not account for phenomena like retrograde motion in planetary movement. Increasingly and implausibly complex models, such as the one hypothesized by Tycho Brahe, didn&#8217;t succeed in accounting for these either. Only when Copernicus prevailed did a cosmological model successfully predict heavenly phenomena.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8137\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/sceno-systematis-ptole\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,1131\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Michael Paukner&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Sceno Systematis Ptole&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Sceno Systematis Ptole\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o-724x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o-724x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o-300x424.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ptolemaic_system_5003379550_o.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/michaelpaukner\/4126163650\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ptolemaic geocentric system<\/a>, by Michael Paukner<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8138\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/tychonic-system\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,1131\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Michael Paukner&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Tychonic System&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Tychonic System\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o-724x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o-724x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o-300x424.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tychonic_system_5002772563_o.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/michaelpaukner\/4458960627\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tychonic system<\/a>, a hybrid of geo- and helio-centrism<\/em>, <em>by Michael Paukner<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"862\" data-attachment-id=\"8139\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/heliocentric_upscale\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1140,960\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Heliocentric_upscale\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale-1024x862.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale-1024x862.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale-1024x862.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale-300x253.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale-768x647.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Heliocentric_upscale.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Heliocentric.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copernican heliocentric model<\/a>, Andreas Cellarius, in <strong>Harmonia Macrocosmica<\/strong>, 1660<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Geography\"><\/span>Geography<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Developments in geography and the mapping of the earth paralleled developments in cosmology. The earliest map is the <em><strong>Imago Mundi<\/strong><\/em> of 6th Century BCE Babylon. It features a small disk with a landmass and seven islands surrounded by a &#8220;bitter river.&#8221; It is reminiscent of the flat, wrinkled disk of Hebrew cosmology. Although similar in visual structure, it is seemingly richer in detail than the 7th Century CE &#8220;T and O&#8221; map described by Saint Isidore of Seville. However, we can misread the T and O map as a depiction of a flat earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"753\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8141\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/baylonianmaps\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1728,2349\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Baylonianmaps\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps-753x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps-753x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps-753x1024.jpg 753w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps-768x1044.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps-1130x1536.jpg 1130w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Baylonianmaps.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 753px) 100vw, 753px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/research\/collection_online\/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=362000&amp;partId=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Babylonian map of the world<\/a>, circa<br>6th Century BCE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1019\" data-attachment-id=\"8142\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/ch02_011\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1197,1191\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch02_011\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-1024x1019.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-1024x1019.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-1024x1019.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-768x764.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_011.jpg 1197w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hrc.contentdm.oclc.org\/digital\/collection\/p15878coll9\/id\/77\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>An early printed interpretation of Isidore&#8217;s\u00a0<\/em><\/a><em><a href=\"http:\/\/libraries.uta.edu\/SpecColl\/Exhibits\/weuromaps\/text_tms1-T-O-map.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">T and O map<\/a>, by\u00a0G\u00fcnther Zainer, 1472<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We might more correctly interpret this medieval map as a projection of a spherical Earth onto a drawing plane. Witness the <em><strong>globus cruciger<\/strong><\/em>, an orb topped with a cross popular in the Middle Ages as a symbol of Christian authority. Notice any similarities to the T and O map?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"971\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8143\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/ch02_012\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1696,1788\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;CYBERSHOT&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1128688515&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;9.7&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00625&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch02_012\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-971x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-971x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-971x1024.jpg 971w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-285x300.jpg 285w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-768x810.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-1457x1536.jpg 1457w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012-300x316.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_012.jpg 1696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 971px) 100vw, 971px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/replicacrownjewels.com\/the-orb-replica\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sovereign&#8217;s globus cruciger<\/a>, a reproduction of England&#8217;s King Charles II orb<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"1009\" data-attachment-id=\"8144\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/img-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img-3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"722,1009\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"img-3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img-3.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img-3.jpg 722w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img-3-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/img-3-300x419.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/cths\/8131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">12th\u00a0Century CE reverse T and O map<\/a>\u00a0from a manuscript of Saint Isidore\u2019s\u00a0<strong>De natura rerum<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mapping_and_dimensionality\"><\/span>Mapping and dimensionality<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Detailed maps from the Middle Ages include proportions and shapes of countries distorted to oval or circular forms to represent the perfection of God\u2019s creation in a geometric metaphor. However, these maps often overlaid historical information in text form. This is weirdly prescient because it included time, the fourth dimension, in a way familiar to any modern user of Google Maps. These were maps used to reinforce religious and political agendas, not for navigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For that, the familiar scaled map provided distance and proportional accuracy. It wasn\u2019t a stretch to eventually include elevational information: the third dimension. Hill profiles and <em>hachure<\/em>, a form of shading, qualitatively suggest height, and some contain spot elevations. Topographic maps quantify vertical data in the form of topographic isolines defining distance from a common datum, such as sea level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"602\" data-attachment-id=\"8148\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/ch02_014\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,753\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch02_014\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014-1024x602.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014-1024x602.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014-1024x602.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014-768x452.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch02_014.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:1859_Dufour_Map_of_Hispaniola_or_Santo_Domingo,_West_Indies_(Haiti,_Dominican_Republic)_-_Geographicus_-_StDomingue-dufour-1859.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">August Henri Dufour<\/a>,\u00a0<strong>Map of Hispaniola<\/strong>,\u00a01859, showing hachure for hills<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8149\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/print-map-topozone\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1688,2349\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Print-Map-TopoZone\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone-736x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone-736x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone-736x1024.jpg 736w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone-768x1069.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone-1104x1536.jpg 1104w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Print-Map-TopoZone.jpg 1688w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Topographic map in Colorado, from <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.topozone.com\/colorado\/summit-co\/reservoir\/goose-pasture-tarn\/\">TopoZone<\/a><\/strong>. Visit the site to peruse many styles of topographic maps emphasizing particular features.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Although beautiful, these maps are primitively static compared to the aforementioned quantum leap of <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@39.9525839,-75.1652215,12.75294554a,1000d,30y,0h,0t,0r\/data=MikKJwolCiExRXNVdW53ODhOU3dSVFdabmRtVUtCLVFHT1BtM1BwaDQgAToDCgEw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Google Earth<\/strong><\/a>. This is the first true 4D map of the planet. It is integrated into <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Google Maps<\/a><\/strong> and updated practically in real-time by contributors. This may be as close as we have ever gotten to Borges&#8217; impossible map of England!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/embed?mid=1PJtAZIRYp0LSIZCwMrmK6gdVEFFYYIM&#038;ehbc=2E312F\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A map of Scottish Highland Clan territories in the late 16th Century CE. <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.google.com\/web\/@56.97482747,-5.1858103,43.37312139a,667597.30679377d,30y,0h,0t,0r\/data=MigKJgokCiAxUEp0QVpJUllwMExTSVpDd01ybUs2Z2RWRUZGWVlJTSACOgMKATA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">View this map on Google Earth<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Archetype_and_myth\"><\/span>Archetype and myth<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An <strong>archetype<\/strong> is a symbol. It represents an idealized model of a person or example upon which other persons or things are modeled. Plato&#8217;s <strong>Theory of Forms<\/strong>, discussed in <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-10-expressions-of-geometry\/#The_Theory_of_Forms\">Chapter 10<\/a>, is one philosophical origin for the archetype. That theory referenced a thing in the sensory world to some ideal model of that thing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Psychoanalysis embraced the concept of the archetype. In the analysis of personality, it refers to one of two phenomena:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <strong>stereotype<\/strong>, the high-frequency observation of a personality type, or&#8230; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8230; an <strong>epitome<\/strong>, the highest or best such example. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These archetypes include a <strong>trickster<\/strong> or a\u00a0<strong>hero<\/strong>, a\u00a0<strong>mother figure<\/strong> or a <strong>wise old man<\/strong><em>,\u00a0<\/em>a <strong>child<\/strong> or a <strong>god<\/strong>, to name just a few. These may be considered generalized versions of a meta-personality that can be identified in otherwise distinct personalities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"468\" height=\"468\" data-attachment-id=\"6419\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-9-expression-form-content-and-narrative\/ye1u9mc273171\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171.png\" data-orig-size=\"468,468\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ye1u9mc273171\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171.png 468w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ye1u9mc273171-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Jungian archetypes<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jungian_archetypes\"><\/span>Jungian archetypes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This identification in psychoanalysis has been extended to the study of characters present in folklore and literature as far back as prehistoric times. In the early 20th Century, Carl Jung advocated the use of archetypes to explain personality in literature. He suggested the existence of universal forms that elicit particular experiences, emotions, and recognizable behaviors with predictable outcomes. Archetypes have become important both for ancient and modern mythologies. This position was effectively argued by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Campbell\">Joseph Campbell<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Hero_With_a_Thousand_Faces\"><strong><em>The Hero With a Thousand Faces<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0In that book, Campbell refines the Jungian archetype of the Hero into what he terms a <strong>monomyth<\/strong> or <strong>the hero&#8217;s journey<\/strong>. The monomyth becomes a model for numerous narratives across times and cultures. He summarizes the pattern of events thusly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A hero ventures forth<\/em> [<strong>separation<\/strong>]<em> from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered<\/em> [<strong>initiation<\/strong>]<em> and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure<\/em> [<strong>return<\/strong>]<em> with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man<\/em>.<\/p>\n<cite>\u2014&nbsp;Joseph Campbell <sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_8121\" id=\"identifier_1_8121\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press. 1968. p. 30.\">1<\/a><\/sup> [Bolded parenthetical additions by the author]<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"944\" data-attachment-id=\"8155\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/herosjourney\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1400,1291\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"HerosJourney\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney-1024x944.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney-1024x944.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney-1024x944.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney-300x277.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney-768x708.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/HerosJourney.webp 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Monomyth_and_narrative\"><\/span>Monomyth and narrative<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In conversations between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WzP_fQW4bZc&amp;ab_channel=illusionautics\">George Lucas and Joseph Campbell moderated by Bill Moyers<\/a>, Lucas details his explicit use of the monomyth in the crafting of the <em><strong>Star Wars<\/strong><\/em> narrative. Among the classical motifs Lucas employed, we might recognize the archetype of the <strong>Wise Old Man<\/strong> in Obi-Wan Kenobe. The modern use of mythology started by Lucas has continued through the presence of such characters as Gandalf in <em><strong>The Lord of the Rings<\/strong><\/em> trilogy or Albus Dumbledor in the <em><strong>Harry Potter<\/strong><\/em> franchise, all examples of the archetypal Wise Old Man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"660\" data-attachment-id=\"8157\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/obi-wan\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/obi-wan.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"990,660\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"obi-wan\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/obi-wan.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/obi-wan.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/obi-wan.jpeg 990w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/obi-wan-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/obi-wan-768x512.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Sir Alec Guinness as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/listverse.com\/2010\/08\/31\/10-classic-dying-lines-in-movies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Obi-Wan Kenobi<\/a>, in\u00a0<strong>Star Wars Episode IV: A New Beginning<\/strong>, 1977<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"718\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"8158\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/gandalf_5000421162_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gandalf_5000421162_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"718,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"gandalf_5000421162_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gandalf_5000421162_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gandalf_5000421162_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gandalf_5000421162_o.jpg 718w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gandalf_5000421162_o-269x300.jpg 269w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/gandalf_5000421162_o-300x334.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ian McKellen as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gandalf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gandalf<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0<strong>The Lord of the Rings<\/strong> film trilogy, 2001-3<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"960\" data-attachment-id=\"8163\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/dumbledore-imdb\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1440,960\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"dumbledore-imdb\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb-1024x683.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb.webp 1440w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dumbledore-imdb-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Richard Harris as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albus_Dumbledore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Albus Dumbledor<\/a> in <strong>Harry Potter and the Philosopher&#8217;s Stone<\/strong>, 2001<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Before committing to the 3D modeling of a character in an animation, CGI, or game environment, consider the role of archetypes and mythopoetic models in the narrative. At the conceptual stage of development, modeling is a <em>narrative<\/em> enterprise! Awareness of this will make your digital modeling outcomes more resonant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theory_and_diagram\"><\/span>Theory and diagram<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scientific_modeling\"><\/span>Scientific modeling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Alpinekat (Kate McAlpine, who fortunately keeps her day job as a science writer) rocks the geekiest rap ever seen by 6 million people, about the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Large_Hadron_Collider\"><strong>Large Hadron Collider<\/strong><\/a>. This is the largest atom smasher in the world. Through precise collision, it seeks to confirm the presence of the smallest entities, particles that make up the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Model\">Standard Model<\/a><\/strong> of quantum physics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/j50ZssEojtM?si=Q24JoTB4gtuyN8C0\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8162\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/standard_model_of_elementary_particles-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"1070,1070\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-1024x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1070w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientists require a means of visualizing conceptual, mathematical, or otherwise abstract information. They require&nbsp;<em>scientific modeling<\/em>, here described in Wikipedia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A scientific model seeks to represent&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empiricism\">empirical<\/a><em>&nbsp;objects, phenomena, and physical processes in a&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logic\">logical<\/a><em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Objective\">objective<\/a><em>&nbsp;way. All models are<\/em>&nbsp;in simulacra<em>, that is, simplified reflections of reality, but despite their inherent falsity, they are nevertheless extremely useful. Building and disputing models is fundamental to the scientific enterprise. Complete and true representation may be impossible (see&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-representational_theory\">non-representational theory<\/a><em>), but scientific debate often concerns which is the better model for a given task, such as the most accurate climate model for seasonal forecasting.<\/em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote_2_8121\" id=\"identifier_2_8121\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"&quot;Scientific modelling.&quot; Wikipedia. 2010. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_modelling\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Making_the_abstract_tangible\"><\/span>Making the abstract tangible<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Abstract models need a means to be visualized, and this often occurs through a type of simplified model known as the <strong>diagram<\/strong>, typically a 2D symbolic representation of information generated through drawing, illustration, or modeling technique, although 3D models can be used and projected back into a 2D context. Diagrammatic models come in many forms. They often use symbolic visual language. Arrows might be used to indicate process, time, or relationship. Like the plaques placed aboard Pioneer 10 and 11, they may attempt to transcend the limits of verbal language through the use of a visual or mathematical one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"811\" data-attachment-id=\"8165\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/pioneer_plaque-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1014\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pioneer_plaque.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg-1024x811.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg-1024x811.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg-1024x811.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg-768x608.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Pioneer_plaque.svg.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_plaque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pioneer plaque<\/strong><\/a>, 1973<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"562\" height=\"730\" data-attachment-id=\"8166\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"562,730\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o.jpg 562w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ams-02_cielabspace_5002441164_o-300x390.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Michael Buckler,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.art-meets-science.com\/de\/graphic-art.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>CIELAB Color Space 3D Model<\/strong><\/a>, 1995. This color model is best understood in 3D because it is based on 3 axes:\u00a0<strong>L\u00a0<\/strong>(luminosity, a vertical scale from pure black to white) and\u00a0<strong>a-b<\/strong>, horizontal values standing for <strong>chroma<\/strong> and <strong>hue<\/strong>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Much of the 3D modeling interface, in particular the animation timeline, is diagrammatic and therefore itself a representation of an abstract process. The designers of the modeling interface found themselves making a model that makes a model! Thus you may indeed find that something <em>you<\/em> need to model is abstract, and you&#8217;ll indulge in 3D diagrammatic modeling. A diagram is a way of making the invisible visible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"593\" data-attachment-id=\"8167\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/330-c3-editing-open\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/330-C3-Editing-OPEN.png\" data-orig-size=\"800,593\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"330-C3-Editing-OPEN\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/330-C3-Editing-OPEN.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/330-C3-Editing-OPEN.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/330-C3-Editing-OPEN.png 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/330-C3-Editing-OPEN-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/330-C3-Editing-OPEN-768x569.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Software timeline diagrams patterns of footage in time<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prototype_and_production\"><\/span>Prototype and production<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A prototype is a working model, one created to predict some physical outcome or phenomenal aspect of a concept. Boston Dynamic&#8217;s BigDog robot prototype is what is known as a <strong>proof-of-concept prototype<\/strong>, demonstrating that the idea (here, a sophisticated, reflexive, all-terrain military robot) can be made into some kind of reality. Prototype, because the loud buzzing-bee servomotors and other aspects of engineering and manufacture were not addressed in 2005 to concentrate on reflexes and motion, though by 2023 many of these bugs have buzzed away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/Rdm2ggtFvmQ?si=E0Z_geBzwrxnnVzV\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Evolution of Boston Dynamic&#8217;s Robots, 2023<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other kinds of prototypes include the <strong>form study<\/strong>, the <strong>visual prototype<\/strong><em>,<\/em>\u00a0and the <strong>functional prototype<\/strong>. The functional prototype works out all the kinks as close to the production level as possible. Once a prototype hits production, we still refer to the object as a model. For example, Henry Ford continued to call his famous mass-produced vehicle the <strong>Model T<\/strong>. It was based on a prototype to create an affordable vehicle and marks 1908 as the beginning of the Auto Age in America. By 1920, every other car owned in the country was a Model T.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"8169\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"functional_prototype_5003554721_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8169\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rolanddga.com\/products\/milling\/mdx40\/features.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Functional prototype<\/a>\u00a0created using a 3D digital model and Roland DGA Corporation&#8217;s MDX-40A Milling Machine<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"527\" data-attachment-id=\"8171\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"670,527\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o.jpg 670w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1910_ford_model_t_5004161828_o-300x236.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford_Model_T\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Model T<\/a>. In terms of the production process, it is the most influential car design in history.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Miniatures_and_mock-ups\"><\/span>Miniatures and mock-ups<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>In our <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/\">History of Modeling<\/a><\/strong> section, we mentioned the strange concept of the map of reality entering the reality being mapped. In Philadelphia, we can explore an instance of this in the <strong>Welcome Park<\/strong> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vsba.com\/\">VSBA<\/a>. It functions as a conceptual sketch of the city plan in a miniature park.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"746\" data-attachment-id=\"8173\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/brm4166-holme-portraiture-philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1865\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000&amp;#215;2186-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-1024x746.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-1024x746.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-1024x746.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-768x560.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-1536x1119.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BRM4166-Holme-Portraiture-Philadelphia_lowres-3000x2186-1-2048x1492.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mapsofpa.com\/article3.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Thomas Holme<\/a>,\u00a0<strong>Plan of Philadelphia<\/strong>, 1683<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"8174\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1229,922\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon PowerShot A620&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1208602524&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;7.3&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.001&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990_o.jpg 1229w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" data-attachment-id=\"8175\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,801\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990-1024x684.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vsba_welcome_park_philadelphia_5004509990.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>VSBA,\u00a0<strong>Welcome Park<\/strong>, Philadelphia PA, circa 1995<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Spectacle_propaganda_and_kitsch\"><\/span>Spectacle, propaganda, and kitsch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Miniature parks like <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tobuws.co.jp\/default_en.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Tobu World Square<\/strong><\/a> import scaled realities across space and time. Often mistaken for a sincere representation, these parks often cross the border from serious mapping into the realms of spectacle, propaganda, or kitsch, depicting a reality that never was, is not, and never will be.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"8177\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/tobu_world_square_versailles_1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;CYBERSHOT&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1015881739&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tobu World Square,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tobu_World_Square_Versailles_1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Versailles<\/strong><\/a>, mashed up with the NYC skyline, constructed pre-911 with the old WTC towers thrown in for a tragic surrealism<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We find such kitsch paradises in the large but still miniature-scaled mockups of icons and landmarks in Disney World and Las Vegas. In Vegas, you can visit New York, Paris, and Venice and never leave your car.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1857\" data-attachment-id=\"8178\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/olympus-digital-camera\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/statue_of_liberty_manhattan_5004026689_o-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1857\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Derek Jensen&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;X-2,C-50Z&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;-62169984000&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;10.19&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;80&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0015625&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/statue_of_liberty_manhattan_5004026689_o-scaled.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/statue_of_liberty_manhattan_5004026689_o-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/statue_of_liberty_manhattan_5004026689_o-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/statue_of_liberty_manhattan_5004026689_o-300x218.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Liberty-statue-with-manhattan.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lower Manhattan<\/a><\/em> <em>skyline behind the Statue of<\/em> <em>Liberty<\/em>&#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-attachment-id=\"8179\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,853\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o-1024x682.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/las_vegas_ny_ny_hotel_5004510238_o.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&#8230; <em>who stands much closer to uptown landmarks at<\/em> <em>the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Las_Vegas_NY_NY_Hotel.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">New York New York Hotel<\/a>,<\/em> <em>Las Vegas<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" data-attachment-id=\"8180\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/1280px-paris_vue_densemble_tour_eiffel\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,853\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel-1024x682.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Paris_vue_densemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The Eiffel Tower\u00a0in\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eiffel_Tower_and_Mars_fields.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paris, France<\/a> &#8230;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1018\" data-attachment-id=\"8181\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/1030px-parislas_vegas\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1030,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1030px-ParisLas_Vegas\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-1024x1018.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-1024x1018.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-1024x1018.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-768x764.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1030px-ParisLas_Vegas.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>&#8230; also stands near the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:ParisLas_Vegas.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Paris Hotel<\/a>, Las Vegas<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"763\" data-attachment-id=\"8182\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2524,1880\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;DMC-FZ5&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"st_marks_venice_5004638696_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o-1024x763.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o-1024x763.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/st_marks_venice_5004638696_o-1536x1144.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The bell tower\u00a0of\u00a0Piazza San Marco in\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:VenBasStMarCampanile_082005.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Venice<\/a> &#8230;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"8183\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/venetian_las_vegas_nv\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,960\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Venetian_Las_Vegas_NV.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>&#8230;\u00a0comparatively dwarfed by the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Venetian_Las_Vegas,_NV.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Venetian\u00a0Hotel<\/a>, Las Vegas<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These strange instances of displaced mapped and modeled objects suggest a <strong>post-spatial<\/strong> way of experiencing the world, where symbol supersedes authenticity and a sanitized view of the world prevails. Here we close with some important thoughts for 3D artists on the ramifications of <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitsch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">kitsch<\/a><\/strong> in art by Milan Kundera, from his novel <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Unbearable_Lightness_of_Being\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em><strong>The Unbearable Lightness of Being<\/strong><\/em><\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The fact that until recently the word \u2018shit\u2019 appeared in print as s\u2014 has nothing to do with moral considerations. You can\u2019t claim that shit is immoral, after all! The objection to shit is a metaphysical one. The daily defecation session is daily proof of the unacceptability of Creation. Either\/or: either shit is acceptable (in which case don\u2019t lock yourself in the bathroom) or we are created in an unacceptable manner.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>It follows, then, that the aesthetic ideal of the categorical agreement with being is a world in which shit is denied and everyone acts as though it did not exist. This aesthetic ideal is called&nbsp;kitsch\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Kitsch is the aesthetic ideal of all politicians and all political parties and movements\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Whenever a single political movement corners power, we find ourselves in the realm of&nbsp;totalitarian kitsch.&nbsp;When I say \u201ctotalitarian,\u201d what I mean is that everything that infringes on kitsch must be banished for life\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>In the realm of totalitarian kitsch, all answers are given in advance and preclude any questions. It follows, then, that the true opponent of totalitarian kitsch is the person who asks questions. A question is like a knife that slices through the stage backdrop and gives us a look at what lies hidden behind it.<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 Milan Kundera <sup><a href=\"#footnote_3_8121\" id=\"identifier_3_8121\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Kundera, Milan (trans, Heim, Henry). The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Harper Perennial. 1999. p. 248-254.\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The modeler filters everything that enters the modeled world. Is the modeled world thus, by nature, a world prone to kitsch, omitting by desire any undesirable detail?<\/p>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_8121\" class=\"footnote\">Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press. 1968. p. 30.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_8121\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_8121\" class=\"footnote\">&#8220;Scientific modelling.&#8221; Wikipedia. 2010. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientific_modelling<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_2_8121\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_8121\" class=\"footnote\">Kundera, Milan (trans, Heim, Henry). The Unbearable Lightness of Being. Harper Perennial. 1999. p. 248-254.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_3_8121\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>10-minute read What is a model? We\u2019ve learned that the mental image you have in response to that question is itself a model. A model can be an&nbsp;ideal&nbsp;or an&nbsp;abstraction, a&nbsp;pragmatic&nbsp;object or an object of&nbsp;kitsch. We&#8217;ll take a brief look at these concepts of the model as a way to clarify the place of digital modeling&#8230;. <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paralleluniverses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CHAPTER 2 \u2014 Concepts of Modeling - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter 2 Concepts of Modeling: From cosmology to mapping, archetypes to prototypes, diagrams to propaganda and kitsch.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHAPTER 2 \u2014 Concepts of Modeling - 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