{"id":8030,"date":"2024-03-16T21:46:13","date_gmt":"2024-03-16T21:46:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=8030"},"modified":"2024-03-16T21:46:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-16T21:46:17","slug":"chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPTER 1 \u2014\u00a0The History of Modeling"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10f6b0c976\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f10f6b0c976\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Prehistoric_models_and_the_cosmos\" >Prehistoric models and the cosmos<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#The_caves_at_Lascaux\" >The caves at Lascaux<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Stonehenge\" >Stonehenge<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#The_Great_Pyramid_at_Giza\" >The Great Pyramid at Giza<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#A_camera_obscura_metaphor\" >A camera obscura metaphor<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#The_afterlife\" >The afterlife<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Early_architectural_models\" >Early architectural models<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Renaissance_and_Enlightenment\" >Renaissance and Enlightenment<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Brunelleschis_Duomo\" >Brunelleschi&#8217;s Duomo<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#The_competitions\" >The competitions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#The_orrery\" >The orrery<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Business_and_pleasure\" >Business and pleasure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Enter_digital_modeling\" >Enter digital modeling<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Metaphors_to_drafting\" >Metaphors to drafting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/#Virtual_building\" >Virtual building<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><em>9-minute read<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"694\" data-attachment-id=\"30\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses_01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" data-orig-size=\"694,694\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parallelUniverses_01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png?resize=694%2C694&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png 694w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prehistoric_models_and_the_cosmos\"><\/span>Prehistoric models and the cosmos<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The first models attempted to create order out of randomness. Early hunter-gatherer humans must have felt the need to generate order in the relatively uncontrollable environment in which they lived. Among the most prevalent were models based on the pattern of celestial phenomena. Daily sunrise through monthly moon phases to the yearly return of seasons created a temporal order. The cycling stars, and our hard-wired proclivity to discover patterns, led to a system of charting that included constellations that survive to this day. Many of the texts associated with these ancient activities border on the pseudo-scientific and must be read critically. However, one can certainly find researchers working with intellectual, un-sentimentalized rigor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_caves_at_Lascaux\"><\/span>The caves at Lascaux<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"820\" data-attachment-id=\"8043\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_004-nostar\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar.png\" data-orig-size=\"1500,820\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_004-nostar\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar-1024x560.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar.png 1500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar-1024x560.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-nostar-768x420.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lascaux\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Great Hall of the Bulls<\/a><\/strong> in the Lascaux Cave complex<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"560\" data-attachment-id=\"8037\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_004\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1500,820\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_004\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-1024x560.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-1024x560.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8037\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-1024x560.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-300x164.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004-768x420.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_004.webp 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alistaircoombs.com\/2018\/08\/13\/stone-age-stellariums\/secret-society2-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The constellation <strong>Taurus<\/strong><\/a> drawn over the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aurochs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">auroch<\/a><\/strong>, a bull-like creature at right<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Historically, scholars believed that celestial mapping and prediction was a habit of necessity formed out of the beginnings of agriculture. It was needed to foresee seasons of planting and harvest. However, independent archaeo-astronomer <strong>Chantal J\u00e8gues-Wolkiewiez<\/strong> has hypothesized that at least some chambers at the famous&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archeologie.culture.gouv.fr\/lascaux\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Neolithic cave painting complex in Lascaux, France<\/strong><\/a> turn out to be prehistoric models of the sky. The adjacent video illustrates her theory.&nbsp;These hunter-gatherers had no pragmatic agricultural need for modeling celestial cycles. Instead, they conflate the random star patterns with animals in their environment, creating one of the earliest tangible instances of model-making: the first constellations. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_8030\" id=\"identifier_1_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"In a layer of modeling irony, It should be noted that, for most visitors, Lascaux is a modeled experience. Instead of visiting the actual site, people are directed to Lascaux II, a 1-to-1 replica of the original cave constructed after microbial damage from exposure to visitors was discovered in the original site. Researchers such as J&egrave;gues-Wolkiewiez have access to the original for scholarly purposes.\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/ZfbE-syvLpE?si=nuSo1hp9oypKyI4W\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>National Geographic,&nbsp;<em>Stone Age Zodiac<\/em>, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stonehenge\"><\/span>Stonehenge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Whether erected for agricultural, social, or religious reasons, the full purpose of the monument at Stonehenge may never be understood.&nbsp;At a minimum, its function as a cosmic apparatus is clear, as the structure marks many astronomical phenomena, the most celebrated of which are the solstices. Particular slits between standing stones reveal several other significant celestial events as well. However, not every slit functions this way, and we can demonstrate that a few simple markers would perform the same essential function. So why create the seemingly superfluous standing stones and multiple concentric rings comprised of stones and barrows?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"8047\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_024\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1536\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;E3100&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1114285614&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;5.8&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.005524861878453&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_024\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8047\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Inside the circle of <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Stonehenge_Inside_Facing_NE_April_2005.jpg\"><strong>Stonehenge<\/strong><\/a>, facing north-east toward the Heel Stone, seen beyond near&nbsp;the right side<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.english-heritage.org.uk\/visit\/places\/stonehenge\/history-and-stories\/stonehenge360\/\">Click here for interactive maps and panoramas of Stonehenge, originating from the&nbsp;<strong>English Heritage<\/strong> website<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.english-heritage.org.uk\/daysout\/properties\/stonehenge\/world-heritage-site\/map\/panoramic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.english-heritage.org.uk\/daysout\/properties\/stonehenge\/world-heritage-site\/map\/panoramic\/\"><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8048\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_006\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_006-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1763,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_006\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_006-705x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_006-705x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8048\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_006-705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_006-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_006-scaled.jpg 1763w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Ground Plan of Stonehenge<\/strong>,&nbsp;1810, published in William Long&#8217;s book&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Stonehenge_and_Its_Barrows\/UWYWAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stonehenge and Its Barrows<\/a><\/strong>, 1876<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>At the very minimum, they create a special, and some would say sacred, territory. They may suggest more: a cosmological model referencing man\u2019s place in the natural schema. The center reference point, from which so many celestial phenomena can be witnessed, suggests these humans regard themselves as occupying a central place within the cosmic order. The concentric circles seen here can be seen functioning both as a precise astronomical machine and as a metaphor, a model of our position within the cycles of nature and the cosmos. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_2_8030\" id=\"identifier_2_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"More irony: Stonehenge is something of a modeling in-joke to fans of This Is Sp\u0131n\u0308al Tap, Rob Reiner&rsquo;s famous rock mocumentary. After the band gives an artist incorrect dimensions for a model to accompany a lavish number about the 18-foot-high megaliths, hilarity ensues when the prop descends dramatically out of the stage loft &mdash; and the 18-inch-tall microlith is dwarfed by everything on stage. Lesson: watch your units!\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Great_Pyramid_at_Giza\"><\/span>The Great Pyramid at Giza<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Constructed in the same era as Stonehenge, the Great Pyramid at Giza models many phenomena. A fairly explicit and well-documented one is the notable way the shape of the pyramid models the rays of the sun, which was worshipped as a god. In his autobiography, English engineer and pyramid enthusiast James Naysmith recounts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>On many occasions, while beholding the sublime effects of the Sun\u2019s Rays streaming down on the earth through openings in the clouds near the horizon, I have been forcibly impressed with the analogy they appear to suggest as to the form of the Pyramid\u2026. I met with many examples of this in the Egyptian Collection at the Louvre at Paris; especially in small pyramids, which were probably the objects of household worship. In one case I found a small pyramid, on the upper part of which appeared the disc of the Sun, with pyramidal rays descending from it \u2026 .<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 James Naysmith <sup><a href=\"#footnote_3_8030\" id=\"identifier_3_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Naysmith, James. James Naysmith, Engineer; An Autobiography (Classic Reprint). John Murray, London, 1883. Digital reprint Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010. p. 432.\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"937\" data-attachment-id=\"8054\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_001\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001.png\" data-orig-size=\"1734,1586\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_001\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001-1024x937.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001-1024x937.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001-1024x937.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001-768x702.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001-1536x1405.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_001.png 1734w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Naysmith describes \u201ca \u2018rubbing\u2019\u201d from an <strong>Egyptian relief<\/strong> found in the Louvre depicting the adoration of the sun<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"829\" data-attachment-id=\"8055\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_002\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002.png\" data-orig-size=\"1698,1374\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_002\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002-1024x829.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002-1024x829.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8055\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002-1024x829.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002-768x621.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002-1536x1243.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_002.png 1698w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Naysmith formally compares the rubbing with his own depiction of the rays of the sun<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crepuscular_rays\">Crepiscular rays<\/a> of light are parallel. But the laws of linear perspective dictate they converge on the vanishing point of the sun. The bottom-heavy pyramid shape (seen in cross-section here) is thus not merely a concession to gravity. It becomes an intuitive model for perspective projection, with a \u201cfalse\u201d vanishing point at its apex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" data-attachment-id=\"8056\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_003\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003.png\" data-orig-size=\"2000,1400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_003\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003-1024x717.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003-1024x717.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8056\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003-1536x1075.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_003.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>A cross-section view of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Great_Pyramid_Diagram.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Great Pyramid at Giza<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"8057\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_007\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_007.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"750,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_007\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_007.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_007.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8057\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_007.jpg 750w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_007-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Matt Gatton\u2019s&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120315004610\/http:\/\/www.paleo-camera.com\/index.htm\">Paleo-Camera<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;website contains seductively plausible iterations of the use of the camera-obscura phenomenon by many ancient civilizations. Here, the pyramid becomes a metaphorical soul projector.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_camera_obscura_metaphor\"><\/span>A camera obscura metaphor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Digging deeper, artist&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.paleo-camera.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Matt Gatton<\/a>&nbsp;has theorized a conceptual model of projection based on the camera-obscura phenomenon. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_4_8030\" id=\"identifier_4_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"The camera-obscura uses a pinhole opening in an otherwise darkened space to create a breathtaking inverted image of the world outside; it is an early technology we&rsquo;ll explore in depth in Chapter 12.\">4<\/a><\/sup>&nbsp;In this schema, the pharaoh&#8217;s mummy is metaphorically elevated to renewal in the heavens.&nbsp;In Gatton&#8217;s diagram, the pyramid metaphorically represents one cone of a camera-obscura projection that may have occurred in the memorial temple anteroom. The metaphorical projection is rotated 90 degrees to face the sky. One projection is represented by the stone of the pyramid, and the other half is implied. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many theories concerning Giza, such as Robert Bauval\u2019s pseudo-scientific mapping of the pyramid site plan onto the stars in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Bauval\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Orion\u2019s belt<\/a>, have fallen into disrepute. However, the general idea that some physical correlation between pyramids and astronomical phenomena remains plausible. Egypt&#8217;s spiritual bent and societal structure would have supported such a monumental endeavor. Despite an attractiveness to mystics and crackpots, the pyramids without a doubt function as a model of the afterlife that so permeated Egyptian culture. To explore the Great Pyramid and the Giza necropolis,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/ancient\/explore-ancient-egypt.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">visit the NOVA website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_afterlife\"><\/span>The afterlife<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Egypt\u2019s afterlife was a parallel universe constructed out of projections of the details of earthbound daily life, both grand and mundane, into the everlasting hereafter. Spurning the idea that you can\u2019t take it with you, royal and aristocratic tombs contained all the material wealth deemed necessary for a proper afterlife, including servants, animals, and buildings. Eventually concluding it was a drastic use of resources to bury the real thing, detailed models were created,&nbsp;such as the one from an aristocratic tomb&nbsp;seen here. These provide insight not only on the Egyptian view of the afterlife but also on their earthly life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Early_architectural_models\"><\/span>Early architectural models<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Architectural models were a staple feature of tomb adornment, not only in Egypt but also throughout the Mediterranean basin.&nbsp;Archaeologists found this model of a shrine in a Cypriot tomb. It probably served a ritual function at the burial, watching over the possessor\u2019s soul as it made its final journey.<em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" data-attachment-id=\"8060\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/1280px-model_of_a_granary_with_scribes_met_dt344940\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940-1024x819.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940-1024x819.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8060\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Unknown artist,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Model_of_a_Granary_with_Scribes_MET_DT344940.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Scribes and a structure from Meketre\u2019s model granary<\/a><\/strong>, Middle Kingdom,<br>c 1975 BCE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"857\" data-attachment-id=\"8061\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/modele-maquette-figurine\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,1255\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;D\\u00e9partement des Antiquit\\u00e9s orientales&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Mus\\u00e9e du Louvre, D\\u00e9partement des Antiquit\\u00e9s orientales, N III 3294 - https:\/\/collections.louvre.fr\/ark:\/53355\/cl010172028 - https:\/\/collections.louvre.fr\/CGU&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;\\u00a9 1985 RMN-Grand Palais (mus\\u00e9e du Louvre) \/ Maurice et Pierre Chuzeville&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;mod\\u00e8le ; maquette ; figurine&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"mod\u00e8le ; maquette ; figurine\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, D\u00e9partement des Antiquit\u00e9s orientales, N III 3294 &amp;#8211; https:\/\/collections.louvre.fr\/ark:\/53355\/cl010172028 &amp;#8211; https:\/\/collections.louvre.fr\/CGU&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG-1024x857.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG-1024x857.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8061\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG-1024x857.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG-300x251.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG-768x643.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/0000226086_OG.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Unknown artist,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/art.rmngp.fr\/fr\/library\/artworks\/modele-de-temple_terre-cuite_modelage\">Model of a Shrine<\/a><\/strong>, Cyprus, 6th century BCE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Aristocratic burial devices used a considerable amount of an ancient country\u2019s gross national product. The most outrageous use of this brand of \u201cyou-can-take-it-with-you\u201d modeling was discovered in the 1970s with the unearthing of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170624110145\/http:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/archaeology-and-history\/archaeology\/emperor-qin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Terracotta Army<\/a><\/strong>. The Army was buried in the tomb complex of the mytho-historical Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang. The mausoleum is not completely excavated: legend has it that the central tomb chamber contains a model of Qin\u2019s empire, complete with rivers made of mercury and a glowing rendition of the heavens inlaid in precious stones.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-attachment-id=\"8064\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_025\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1707\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Maros Mraz&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 30D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1186388379&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;59&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.16666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_025\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1024x683.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8064\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_025-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tomb of Qin Shi Huang,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terracotta_Army\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Terracotta Army<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;circa 210 BCE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Such tomb-making fulfilled a spiritual purpose, but it also served a political agenda. As projections of political power, the tombs created a cultish awe within ancient people for their leaders. This allowed royalty to maintain dynasties and bloodlines for centuries. Memorial building, modeling the power of the leader, became a staple of empire, from Egypt through Rome and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Renaissance_and_Enlightenment\"><\/span>Renaissance and Enlightenment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Brunelleschis_Duomo\"><\/span>Brunelleschi&#8217;s Duomo<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1292, Arnolfo di Cambio began one of the most important works of architecture in history.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.duomofirenze.it\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore<\/a>, more commonly known as the\u00a0<em>Duomo<\/em>\u00a0of Florence in Italy, was a source of civic pride for the up-and-coming city-state. Florentines so approved of di Cambio&#8217;s design that visual records of the day show the Duomo as a\u00a0<em>fait accompli<\/em>. This, despite that the plans called for a dome so large that no one knew how to build it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the need for an answer to the inevitable question of the dome\u2019s structure became more urgent, city leaders held a competition at the dawn of the Renaissance, the early 1400s. Florentines were desperate to discover a builder who could find a way to complete the visionary design, which explicitly did not call for the use of Gothic buttresses. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_5_8030\" id=\"identifier_5_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Although buttressing (a kind of structural rib set perpendicular to a primary wall) would have solved the problem easily, Italians considered the Gothic style and methods to be aesthetically unpleasant and culturally foreign.\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"896\" data-attachment-id=\"8066\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_017\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1440,1260\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_017\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017-1024x896.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017-1024x896.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8066\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017-1024x896.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017-768x672.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_017.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Andrea di Bonaiuto, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Andrea_di_Bonaiuto._Santa_Maria_Novella_1366-7_fresco._Detail..jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fresco detail featuring the Duomo<\/a><\/strong>, painted in the 1390s, a generation before the dome was constructed<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1837\" data-attachment-id=\"8067\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_026\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1837\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Library of Congress&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_026\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-1024x735.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-scaled.jpg?fit=1024%2C735&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8067\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-1024x735.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-768x551.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-1536x1102.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_026-2048x1470.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Colorized postcard c 1900 featuring the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Cathedral_panoramic_view_from_Vecchio_Palace_Florence_Italy.jpg\">Duomo<\/a><\/strong> in a dramatic view that has remained fairly unchanged from 1469 to today<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_competitions\"><\/span>The competitions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Competitors used detailed models to communicate ideas for the structural design. Filippo Brunelleschi had by far the most innovative design. This double-nested dome knit itself together with internal stiffening ribs ringed with enormous stone and iron &#8220;chains&#8221; counteracting spreading forces like the iron hoops of a barrel. Brunelleschi, who wanted to maintain control of the politically volatile project, intentionally left the winning model incomplete. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>City fathers held a second competition for the lantern, the small structure atop the dome. Again, Brunelleschi used a model to win. Structural engineering science would not be developed until centuries later, so like other cathedral builders, Brunelleschi relied on intuition. He informed his intuition with high-fidelity models that predicted structural remedies. The modeling method was so successful the Duomo, the largest brick dome ever constructed, remains sound centuries later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"849\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"8069\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_018\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,1086\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_018\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018-849x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018-849x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8069\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018-849x1024.jpg 849w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018-768x927.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018-300x362.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_018.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Filippo Brunelleschi,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wga.hu\/html_m\/b\/brunelle\/dome_mod.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Model of the Dome<\/a><\/strong>, circa 1419<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"753\" height=\"1023\" data-attachment-id=\"8072\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/filippo_brunelleschi_attr-_modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"753,1023\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8072\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46.jpg 753w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Filippo_brunelleschi_attr._modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola_1430-46-300x408.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 753px) 100vw, 753px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Brunelleschi\u2019s\u00a0model for the\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/it.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Filippo_brunelleschi_(attr.),_modello_architettonico_della_lanterna_della_cupola,_1430-46.JPG\">Cupola<\/a><\/strong>,\u00a0circa 1440<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_orrery\"><\/span>The orrery<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Renaissance of the 14th \u2014 17th centuries CE ushered in the unprecedented era of respect for science and reason in the 18th century known as the Enlightenment. Models were used to create expressions of newfound scientific knowledge on many fronts. Although earlier ones exist in the historical record, the mechanical model of the solar system called the orrery became quite popular during this era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In most orreries, positions are usually relative and not to scale. Despite this, some orreries achieve real-time or true scale modeling. The\u00a0<strong>Eisinga Planetarium<\/strong>\u00a0in Franeker, the Netherlands, is not, in fact, a planetarium but a real-time, room-sized orrery, one of the largest in the world. It is run by a pendulum clockwork.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"732\" data-attachment-id=\"8073\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_020\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1829\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Sage Ross&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS DIGITAL REBEL XTi&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1259088808&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;85&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_020\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-1024x732.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-1024x732.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8073\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-1024x732.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_020-1536x1097.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>A <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Grand_orrery_in_Putnam_Gallery,_2009-11-24.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">large orrery<\/a><\/strong> made by Benjamin Martin in London in 1767, on display at the Putnam Gallery in the Harvard Science Center<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1918\" data-attachment-id=\"8074\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_019\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_019-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1918\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.7&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;KODAK EASYSHARE C613 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1211724769&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;800&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.050512&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_019\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_019-scaled.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_019-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8074\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_019-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_019-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The interior ceiling of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:FranekerPlanetarium.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Eisinga Planetarium<\/a><\/strong> \u2014 actually a large orrery<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Contemporary versions of the orrery include the <a href=\"http:\/\/longnow.org\/clock\/orrery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>10,000-Year Clock<\/strong> at The Long Now Foundation<\/a>. For Google Earth in 2016, user Barnabu\u2019s add-ons included <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160124030006\/http:\/\/www.barnabu.co.uk\/google-sky-planet-orbits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">animated orreries<\/a>. There\u2019s also an interactive web-based orrery at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fourmilab.ch\/solar\/solar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Solar System Live<\/strong><\/a> by John Walker. This website is a bit old-school, but if you tweak some parameters you can get interesting results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_and_pleasure\"><\/span>Business and pleasure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Before the advent of modern communication methods like photos or videos that could demonstrate the effectiveness of an invention, the <strong>Patent Act of 1790<\/strong> required a patent seeker to submit a working model of an invention along with his or her application to the U.S. Patent Office. Professional model makers would create elaborate, well-crafted, finely finished models out of expensive materials. The theory was that a fancy presentation would secure a patent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"8076\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_021\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;E-500&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1171817760&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;28&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;1000&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.1&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_021\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_021.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Isaac Singer,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Isaac_Singer's_1854_Patent_Model_For_Improvements_To_His_Sewing_Machine_At_The_National_Portrait_Gallery_(Washington,_DC).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Patent Model For Improvements To the Sewing Machine<\/a><\/strong>, 1854<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Almost a century later, the burden of keeping the models became overwhelming. The Patent Office abolished the requirement and liquidated its storehouse. Some patent models ended up at the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/repository.si.edu\/handle\/10088\/9697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Smithsonian Institution<\/a>.\u00a0The remainder landed in private hands, with the largest collection found at the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.patentmodel.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Hagley Patent Model Museum<\/strong><\/a>, formerly the <strong>Rothschild-Petersen Museum<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"padding:75% 0 0 0;position:relative;\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/12364567?h=eb6dd60922&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0&#038;portrait=0\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Rothschild-Petersen Patent Model Museum<\/strong> on the History Channel at Vimeo<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The death of the patent model was not the death of modeling by any means. Modelers turned to the hobby market to ply their trade. They created objects ranging from finished die-cast metal vehicles to plastic put-together spacecraft. We can see the 20th Century as a kind of Golden Age for hobby modeling. Models such as the famous\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.hobbydb.com\/2018\/06\/08\/citroen-ds-history-through-model-cars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Citro\u00ebn<\/strong> toy cars<\/a> were marketing tools created by the manufacturer to introduce the idea of car ownership to future drivers. Indeed, the pleasure of hobby modeling instills a sense of vicarious ownership. If you can&#8217;t actually have the\u00a0<em>Millennium Falcon<\/em>, you might fantasize that you do when you finish the model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" data-attachment-id=\"8079\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_012\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,823\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_012\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012-1024x658.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012-1024x658.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8079\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_012.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Citro\u00ebn car model from the 1960\u2019s. Versions range from die-cast models made by\u00a0Citro\u00ebn\u00a0to plastic, such as this one from <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.norev.com\/en\/3478-citroen\">Norev<\/a><\/strong>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"8080\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_010\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1380,1035\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.4&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;KODAK DX7630 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERA&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1275605303&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.066666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_010\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010-1024x768.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_010.jpg 1380w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>She may not look like much&#8230; but this <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.internetmodeler.com\/scalemodels\/space\/Fine_Molds_1_72_Millenium_Falcon.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fine Molds<\/a><\/strong> PVC kit\u2019s got it where it counts.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enter_digital_modeling\"><\/span>Enter digital modeling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Metaphors_to_drafting\"><\/span>Metaphors to drafting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Digital visualization was limited at first by the mechanical visualization modes that preceded it. At first, CAD (computer-aided drafting) tried to emulate T-square and triangle drafting. Over time, programmers and users realized they had an entirely new way of looking and making. Because of how the computer handles information, people realized that they could do so much more than simply emulate a 2D drawing process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"838\" data-attachment-id=\"8081\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/construction_drawing_autocad\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1572\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Construction_drawing_autocad\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad-1024x838.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad-1024x838.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8081\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad-1024x838.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad-768x629.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad-1536x1258.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>An example of a drawing drafted in <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Construction_drawing_autocad.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AutoCAD<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the transformative tools that evolved out of early CAD were 3D models that could be looked at from a variety of angles. This made bulky and expensive architectural models harder to justify, if not outright obsolete. 4D or time-based modeling evolved out of this. Designers could model objects and cameras to change over a timeline, transforming not only design visualization but also entertainment. Entire industries, such as gaming and cinematic CGI (computer-generated imagery), have developed out of this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Virtual_building\"><\/span>Virtual building<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>More recently, innovations in manufacturing and building at large scale have come to depend on 4D modeling. Designers use information modeling to control part inventory and scheduling in shipbuilding and aircraft construction. In architecture, building information modeling (BIM) programs such as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/autodesk-revit-family\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Revit<\/a>\u00a0use libraries of parts and animated workflow to manage a job site. Boeing began using animation and information modeling in 2006 to present a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.seattlepi.com\/business\/article\/virtual-rollout-of-the-787-1221725.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">&#8220;virtual rollout&#8221; of the 787 Dreamliner<\/a>. This kind of modeling can easily reveal design flaws. If a worker can&#8217;t reach a bolt, engineers can redesign it before such an issue becomes a thorny and costly one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"8082\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/revit_poster\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,720\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"revit_poster\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster-1024x576.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8082\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/revit_poster.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/help.autodesk.com\/view\/RVT\/2022\/ENU\/?guid=GUID-3197A4ED-323F-4D32-91C0-BA79E794B806\">Revit<\/a><\/strong> user interface, a BIM (building information modeling) software from AutoDesk<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"675\" data-attachment-id=\"8083\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1250,824\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"787-moatt-final-assembly-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1-1024x675.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1-1024x675.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8083\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/787-moatt-final-assembly-1.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Boeing\u2019s virtual rollout of a jet plane<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>This concept of the virtual build processes (VBP) has allowed artists such as Richard Serra, Claes Oldenburg, and Coosje Van Bruggen to create large-scale, geometrically complex work.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/research\/tate-papers\/08\/richard-serra-case-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Serra discusses the role of model-making in his work at this link<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"638\" data-attachment-id=\"8089\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_014-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1.png\" data-orig-size=\"1335,832\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_014-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-1024x638.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-1024x638.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8089\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-1024x638.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1-768x479.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_014-1.png 1335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Richard Serra,\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lacma.org\/art\/exhibition\/richard-serra-band\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Band<\/a><\/strong>, 2006<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A word of caution: the tactile word often has the last laugh.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.declarationsandexclusions.com\/2008\/03\/tie-goes-to-the.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read this account of Claes Oldenburg and Coosje Van Bruggen&#8217;s ill-fated Collar and Bow<\/a>\u00a0for Frank Gehry&#8217;s Disney Hall. All the modeling in the world didn&#8217;t predict the dicey legal outcome!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" data-attachment-id=\"8085\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_015\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_015.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,525\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_015\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_015.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_015.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8085\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_015.jpg 700w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_015-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Digital rendering for Oldenburg and Van Bruggen&#8217;s\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.declarationsandexclusions.com\/2008\/03\/tie-goes-to-the.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Collar and Bow<\/a><\/strong> which was projected for completion in 2004. Models did not predict the technical difficulties of its installation.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"375\" data-attachment-id=\"8086\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/ch01_016\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_016.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,375\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_016\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_016.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_016.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8086\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_016.jpg 640w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/ch01_016-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Oldenburg and Van Bruggen&#8217;s bow tie languished in storage in 2008 while lawsuits abound.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_8030\" class=\"footnote\">In a layer of modeling irony, It should be noted that, for most visitors, Lascaux is a modeled experience. Instead of visiting the actual site, people are directed to Lascaux II, a 1-to-1 replica of the original cave constructed after microbial damage from exposure to visitors was discovered in the original site. Researchers such as J\u00e8gues-Wolkiewiez have access to the original for scholarly purposes.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_8030\" class=\"footnote\">More irony: Stonehenge is something of a modeling in-joke to fans of <strong><em>This Is Sp\u0131n\u0308al Tap<\/em><\/strong>, Rob Reiner\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/This_Is_Spinal_Tap\">famous rock mocumentary<\/a>. After the band gives an artist incorrect dimensions for a model to accompany a lavish number about the 18-foot-high megaliths, hilarity ensues when the prop descends dramatically out of the stage loft \u2014 and the 18-inch-tall microlith is dwarfed by everything on stage. Lesson: watch your units!<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_2_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_8030\" class=\"footnote\">Naysmith, James. James Naysmith, Engineer; An Autobiography (Classic Reprint). John Murray, London, 1883. Digital reprint Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010. p. 432.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_3_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_8030\" class=\"footnote\">The camera-obscura uses a pinhole opening in an otherwise darkened space to create a breathtaking inverted image of the world outside; it is an early technology we\u2019ll explore in depth in Chapter 12.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_4_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_5_8030\" class=\"footnote\">Although buttressing (a kind of structural rib set perpendicular to a primary wall) would have solved the problem easily, Italians considered the Gothic style and methods to be aesthetically unpleasant and culturally foreign.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_5_8030\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>9-minute read Prehistoric models and the cosmos The first models attempted to create order out of randomness. Early hunter-gatherer humans must have felt the need to generate order in the relatively uncontrollable environment in which they lived. Among the most prevalent were models based on the pattern of celestial phenomena. Daily sunrise through monthly moon&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paralleluniverses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CHAPTER 1 \u2014\u00a0The History of Modeling - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter 1 The History of Modeling: Navigating modeling\u2019s historical trajectory, from ancient origins to modern digital frontiers.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-1-the-history-of-modeling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHAPTER 1 \u2014\u00a0The History of Modeling - 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