{"id":7097,"date":"2024-03-03T15:13:37","date_gmt":"2024-03-03T15:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=7097"},"modified":"2024-03-05T16:35:28","modified_gmt":"2024-03-05T16:35:28","slug":"chapter-12-expressions-of-material","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/","title":{"rendered":"CHAPTER 12 | Expressions of Material"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f0e321158f3\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f0e321158f3\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Light_and_material\" >Light and material<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#A_spectrum_of_properties\" >A spectrum of properties<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Opacity\" >Opacity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Translucency\" >Translucency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Transparency\" >Transparency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Light_and_diffusion\" >Light and diffusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Light_models_and_rendering\" >Light models and rendering<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Radiosity\" >Radiosity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Atmospheric_perspective\" >Atmospheric perspective<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Color_as_a_material_not_optical_property\" >Color as a material (not optical) property<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Semiotic_functions\" >Semiotic functions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Texture_and_material\" >Texture and material<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Physical_visual_and_implied\" >Physical, visual, and implied<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Texture_properties\" >Texture properties<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#The_Tamura_Texture_Model_six_dimensions_of_texture\" >The Tamura Texture Model: six dimensions of texture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Pattern_as_texture_a_spectrum\" >Pattern as texture: a spectrum<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Texture_mapping\" >Texture mapping<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Mapping_coordinates_UVW\" >Mapping coordinates: UVW<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Texture_projection\" >Texture projection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#A_graph_paper_analogy\" >A graph paper analogy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Varieties_of_mapping\" >Varieties of mapping<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Image_maps\" >Image maps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Multiples_atlases_and_mipmaps\" >Multiples: atlases and mipmaps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Texture_splatting\" >Texture splatting<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Procedural_maps\" >Procedural maps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#2D_procedurals\" >2D procedurals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#3D_procedurals\" >3D procedurals<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Bump_and_other_depth_maps\" >Bump and other depth maps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Displacement_maps\" >Displacement maps<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Combining_maps\" >Combining maps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Texture_quality\" >Texture quality<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#As_wallpaper\" >As wallpaper<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#As_paint\" >As paint<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#As_projection\" >As projection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#As_anamorphosis\" >As anamorphosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#As_chameleon\" >As chameleon<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#As_skin\" >As skin<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#The_laws_of_physics\" >The laws of physics<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Architectural_weightlessness\" >Architectural weightlessness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Inventing_laws\" >Inventing laws<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/#Stories_in_material\" >Stories in material<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><em>30-minute read<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"694\" data-attachment-id=\"30\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses_01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" data-orig-size=\"694,694\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"parallelUniverses_01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png?resize=694%2C694&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01.png 694w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/parallelUniverses_01-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Light_and_material\"><\/span>Light and material<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>&#8230; all material in nature \u2014 it being, as I said before, the mountains and the streams and the air and we \u2014 are made of light which has been spent. And this crumpled mass called material casts a shadow. And the shadow belongs to light. So light is really the source of all being.<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 Louis Kahn  <sup><a href=\"#footnote_1_7097\" id=\"identifier_1_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"Kahn, Louis. &quot;Lecture at Pratt Institute (1973).&quot; In Twombly, Robert, ed. Louis Kahn: essential texts. W. W. Norton. 2003. p. 275.\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>The ancient Greeks believed that the perception of reality occurred with the coincidence of two lights: one that projected from our own eyes and one that projected from the heavens. To them, the convergence of the two lights upon objects was a precondition for the perception of the material world. We know now that light only comes from a source external to the body. But as artists, we can still find a useful metaphor in the light of the eye \u2014 the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/arrowintheeye\/arrow1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">arrow-in-the-eye<\/a><\/em> metaphor used by Renaissance artists \u2014 bringing new form into the light.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"7116\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/rene-descartes-vision-and-external-stimuli\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/c0527504-800px-wm.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"660,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Science Photo Library&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;This illustration from Rene Descartes&#039; Treatise of Man describes his conception of the mind and body as interacting but separate entities. The eyes in the figure are represented one above the other and focused on an arrow at right; lines extend from the eyes to the mid- and terminal points of the arrow. Descartes hypothesized that muscles change the lens of the eye in order to focus on objects at different distances. He believed that fluid from the pineal gland would automatically rush to the various muscles of the body, allowing them to move without involving the mind. Original woodcut by Gerard van Gutschoven (1664).&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Science Source\/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Rene Descartes, vision and external stimuli&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Rene Descartes, vision and external stimuli\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;This illustration from Rene Descartes&amp;#8217; Treatise of Man describes his conception of the mind and body as interacting but separate entities. The eyes in the figure are represented one above the other and focused on an arrow at right; lines extend from the eyes to the mid- and terminal points of the arrow. Descartes hypothesized that muscles change the lens of the eye in order to focus on objects at different distances. He believed that fluid from the pineal gland would automatically rush to the various muscles of the body, allowing them to move without involving the mind. Original woodcut by Gerard van Gutschoven (1664).&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/c0527504-800px-wm.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/c0527504-800px-wm.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7116\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/c0527504-800px-wm.jpg 660w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/c0527504-800px-wm-248x300.jpg 248w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/c0527504-800px-wm-300x364.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/arrowintheeye\/arrow7.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Original woodcut<\/a> by Gerard van Gutschoven, from Rene Descartes&#8217; <strong>Le monde, ou trait\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re<\/strong>, 1664.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We perceive sunlight as essentially a radiant &#8220;white&#8221; color. Yet, even though it is only a small sliver of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, this light is a container for any color the human eye can perceive. When we see the world, we are not in reality looking at material. Rather, we are observing the macroscopic result of a complex microscopic dance. Materials absorb certain frequencies of light and allow others to reflect out to our eye. We don&#8217;t see <em>stuff<\/em>. We see the light stuff <em>allows<\/em> <em>us to see<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Renderers use various algorithmic shading methods that effectively model this process. At a fundamental level, all our modeling efforts manipulate this model of light. The process it models is almost infinitely more complex than any processor can handle. However, we&#8217;ll see how certain light models can create images that are&nbsp;<em>almost<\/em>&nbsp;indistinguishable from the reality they represent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-attachment-id=\"7122\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/lambert-blinn-phong2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2.png\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lambert-blinn-phong2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2-1024x576.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7122\" style=\"width:705px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2.png 1920w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/lambert-blinn-phong2-1536x864.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Three common shading algorithms:<br>Left, a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lambertian_reflectance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lambert<\/a> material is diffuse<\/em>. <em>Center, a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blinn%E2%80%93Phong_reflection_model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Blinn<\/a> material exhibiting 25% reflection<\/em>. <em>Right, a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phong_shading\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Phong<\/a> material exhibiting 50% reflection.<br><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_spectrum_of_properties\"><\/span>A spectrum of properties<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We know that what we see is the interaction of light with material. Therefore, we must understand the physical properties of materials that allow or restrict the reflectance of light. Observe the spectrum of properties from opaque through translucent to transparent illustrated here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7117\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/opacity_translucency_transparency-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"744,1052\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg-724x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg-724x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7117\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg-724x1024.png 724w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg-212x300.png 212w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg-300x424.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Opacity_Translucency_Transparency.svg.png 744w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transparency_and_translucency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">spectrum of physical properties<\/a>&nbsp;of a material interacting with light. Behind each mass is a star:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>1.&nbsp;<strong>Opacity<\/strong>, where the material allows no light to pass through its mass, so the star is unseen.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>2.&nbsp;<strong>Translucency<\/strong>, where the material allows light to pass but diffuses it (see below) such that a clear view of the star that lies beyond the mass is not permitted.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>3.&nbsp;<strong>Transparency<\/strong>, where the material allows light to pass through with a minimum of interference (see below), allowing full or near-full optical transmission of the star.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Opacity\"><\/span>Opacity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Opaque materials are rarer than one thinks. Generally, metals and very dense, matte materials are considered opaque. The misperception is that dark materials are opaque, but dark things can be, and often are, translucent. Darkness is not a characteristic indicator of opacity. Because they reflect a lot of light, we don&#8217;t think of mirrored surfaces as opaque, but indeed they are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"490\" data-attachment-id=\"7123\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/carbon_black\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Carbon_black.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"653,490\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;A850&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1234957978&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;6.1&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Carbon_black\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Carbon_black.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Carbon_black.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Carbon_black.jpg 653w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Carbon_black-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Carbon_black.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Carbon black<\/a>&nbsp;is an opaque material &#8230;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1656\" height=\"1164\" data-attachment-id=\"7125\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1656,1164\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon PowerShot S95&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1340209499&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;22.5&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;125&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat-1024x720.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.jpg 1656w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat-1024x720.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat-768x540.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat-1536x1080.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1656px) 100vw, 1656px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>&#8230; but a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mirror\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">flat surface mirror<\/a>&nbsp;is just as opaque!<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Translucency\"><\/span>Translucency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"620\" data-attachment-id=\"7128\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/diffuse_reflection\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Diffuse_reflection.gif\" data-orig-size=\"528,620\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Diffuse_reflection\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Diffuse_reflection.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Diffuse_reflection.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7128\" style=\"object-fit:cover\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diffuse_reflection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Diffuse reflection<\/a>&nbsp;scattering light under the surface of a material<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p><strong>Translucency<\/strong> is more common than we think. It is not a difference in degree somewhere between opacity and transparency, but rather a difference in kind. Why? Because it is a manifestation of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diffuse_reflection\">diffuse reflection<\/a> of light under the material surface, as seen in the diagram. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The algorithm for <strong>Sub-Surface Scattering<\/strong> (or SSS) is found in light modeling to handle this phenomenon. One of the effects that generates the highest sense of realism in rendering is the modeling of this phenomenon. As we study material texture, we&#8217;ll encounter a surprising number of materials that we think are opaque but are instead translucent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"7130\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/translucent_cbox\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/translucent_cbox.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"translucent_cbox\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/translucent_cbox.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/translucent_cbox.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/translucent_cbox.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/translucent_cbox-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/translucent_cbox-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Henrik Wann Jensen and Juan Buhler,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.ucsd.edu\/~henrik\/papers\/fast_bssrdf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Rapid Hierarchical Rendering Technique for Translucent Materials<\/a>, 2002<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"611\" height=\"460\" data-attachment-id=\"7131\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/djwwjo2xoai9b9d\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/DjwwjO2XoAI9B9d.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"611,460\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"DjwwjO2XoAI9B9d\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/DjwwjO2XoAI9B9d.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/DjwwjO2XoAI9B9d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7131\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/DjwwjO2XoAI9B9d.jpg 611w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/DjwwjO2XoAI9B9d-300x226.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/dosiatbli\/what-is-dosi-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Light propagating through a human hand<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"790\" data-attachment-id=\"7132\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/beinecke-library-96\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"790,790\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"beinecke-library-96\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96.jpg 790w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/beinecke-library-96-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Gordon Bunshaft with SOM,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library<\/a>, 1963. The walls are thin, translucent marble, allowing an exterior light glow without direct sun that would damage the collection.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"683\" data-attachment-id=\"7133\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/lucem_translucent_concrete\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"683,683\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete.jpg 683w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/LUCEM_Translucent_Concrete-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lewism.org\/2005\/07\/29\/translucent-concrete\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Translucent concrete<\/a>&nbsp;(!) uses ground glass or fiber-optic cable as an aggregate instead of stone<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transparency\"><\/span>Transparency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Like the other properties, we carry false generalizations about transparent materials. While transparent materials allow light to pass through, that doesn&#8217;t mean the material doesn&#8217;t affect the light. The thickness, density, and surface topology of the material&nbsp;<em>refract<\/em>&nbsp;the light path, bending the direction. We assume some materials like water have a color tint. However, we have to debunk the horrible stereotype of blue water. It&#8217;s simply reflecting its surroundings! Other, nearly fully transparent materials are in reality just ultra-translucent. That is, we assume they are colorless when in fact they have a tint, absorbing slight amounts of a broad spectrum wavelength. When modeling transparent materials, don&#8217;t assume. <em>Observe!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"614\" height=\"698\" data-attachment-id=\"7138\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/refraction-with-soda-straw\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"614,698\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;HP PhotoSmart 315&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Refraction-with-soda-straw\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7138\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg 614w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Refraction-with-soda-straw-264x300.jpg 264w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Refraction-with-soda-straw-300x341.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The straw in the water (<strong>dyed<\/strong> blue) appears broken due to&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refraction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">refraction<\/a><\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refraction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"450\" data-attachment-id=\"7136\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/regular-v-clear\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/regular-v-clear.webp\" data-orig-size=\"650,450\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"regular-v-clear\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/regular-v-clear.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/regular-v-clear.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7136\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/regular-v-clear.webp 650w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/regular-v-clear-300x208.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Seemingly &#8220;colorless&#8221; glass&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass#Physical_properties\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reveals a tint<\/a>&nbsp;when observed carefully, especially at the edge. Even &#8220;clear&#8221; glass allows less than 90% of light to pass through.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7137\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/glass-of-water\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Glass-of-water.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Glass-of-water\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Glass-of-water.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Glass-of-water.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Glass-of-water.jpg 700w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Glass-of-water-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Glass-of-water-300x439.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Glass-of-water.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">color of water<\/a>&nbsp;is completely dependent upon context \u2014 no blue here!<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Light_and_diffusion\"><\/span>Light and diffusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Light_models_and_rendering\"><\/span>Light models and rendering<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>An environment receives light that bounces around like an infinite quantity of crazed super-balls. These refuse to lose momentum until either absorbed by something or bounced back out. Each super-ball is a metaphor for a photon vector. Simple light models calculate one vector path for a given super-ball. The vector enters a space and bounces off a surface one time in a direction aimed at the eye.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div style=\"padding:56.25% 0 0 0;position:relative;\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/330482947?h=6fb2d9fea1&#038;loop=1&#038;title=0&#038;byline=0&#038;portrait=0\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/330482947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sony Bravia Commercial<\/a>, circa 1990. The creative team dropped 250,000 bouncy balls down a hilly street in San Francisco.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These kinds of direct illumination models give a sense of light and surface color, but they appear unnaturally flat. To achieve a higher fidelity in the real world, software develops models that bounce light vectors before they enter the camera. To be sure, the number of photons bouncing in a real room is incalculable, so these models are restricted. While they fall far short of processing the full complexity of reality, they come very close to generating images that satisfy our perception of real-world light conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>The simplest light models, such as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scanline_rendering\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>scanline rendering<\/strong><\/a>, geometrically project an object in the scene to an image plane. The more complex <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ray_tracing_%28graphics%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>raytracing<\/strong><\/a> adds optical laws of reflection intensity, shadow casting, diffusion, refraction, and others to build a more realistic image. It is a bit like the Greek idea of light emanating from the eye, in that it calculates an image by extending vectors, or rays, from the camera point into the scene. Of course, raytracing is more processor-intensive than direct illumination rendering, making it better for pre-rendered situations like still images or movies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" data-attachment-id=\"7320\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/ray_trace_diagram-1024x681\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1.png\" data-orig-size=\"1056,681\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Ray_trace_diagram-1024&amp;#215;681\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1-1024x660.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1-1024x660.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1-1024x660.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1-768x495.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Ray_trace_diagram-1024x681-1.png 1056w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Ray_trace_diagram.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Diagram of raytracing<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Radiosity\"><\/span>Radiosity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>We add <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiosity_(computer_graphics)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">radiosity<\/a><\/strong> to the model to achieve the &#8220;super-ball&#8221; effect described above. In other words, because light bounces off of things, raytracing treats <em>everything<\/em> in the scene as a light source. It uses an algorithm that processes a selected number of times light reflects diffusely around a scene. The higher the number of bounces, the higher the fidelity of the image. Radiosity can account for such variables as the area of the light source. Take a look at your shadow in the sun and you&#8217;ll see the edge of the shadow diffuses, because the sun (or any other light source) does not project light from a single geometric point. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" data-attachment-id=\"7146\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bmrt_-_cornell_box_with_and_without_radiosity\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/BMRT_-_Cornell_box_with_and_without_radiosity.gif\" data-orig-size=\"1000,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"BMRT_-_Cornell_box_with_and_without_radiosity\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/BMRT_-_Cornell_box_with_and_without_radiosity.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/BMRT_-_Cornell_box_with_and_without_radiosity.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7146\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Cornell_box#\/media\/File:BMRT_-_Cornell_box,_with_and_without_radiosity.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Cornell Box<\/a> rendered with and without radiosity<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Through all these viewpoint-independent calculations, radiosity creates the diffuse light and shadow edges we encounter in the real world, yielding the highest fidelity images among the rendering models you&#8217;ll encounter in software. Of course, it comes at a price: radiosity modeling takes the most time to generate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atmospheric_perspective\"><\/span>Atmospheric perspective<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Diffusion can also occur as a function of the atmosphere. Painters have long used atmospheric perspective to achieve a sense of pictorial depth. Hudson River School painter Asher Durand illustrates the effect. Particles in the atmosphere reduce detail, colors desaturate, values become lighter, and longer wavelengths of light are blocked, causing all colors to shift to the blue-violet end of the light spectrum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"833\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7149\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/asher-b-durand-1796-1886-kindred-spirits-1849-oil-on-canvas\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"833,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;The Metropolitan Museum of Art&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Asher B. Durand (1796-1886).Kindred Spirits.1849.Oil on canvas&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Asher B. Durand (1796-1886).Kindred Spirits.1849.Oil on canvas&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Asher B. Durand (1796-1886).Kindred Spirits.1849.Oil on canvas\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Asher B. Durand (1796-1886).Kindred Spirits.1849.Oil on canvas&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits.jpg 833w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits-768x944.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits-300x369.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 833px) 100vw, 833px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Asher_Durand_Kindred_Spirits.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits, 1849<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-attachment-id=\"7170\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/fog-test2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"fog-test2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2-1024x576.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/fog-test2-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>aiFog applied to a model<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>One way software can emulate the effect an atmosphere has on light is by using an environmental effect known as fog. One of Maya&#8217;s Arnold materials is <strong>aiFog<\/strong>, which we can apply in the <strong>Render Settings<\/strong> window under <strong>Environment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are a lot of fun, but the use of environmental effects can be exaggerated. Be discriminating in your use of an effect, and base it, as you do other decisions about light, on observation of real-world phenomena. Your portfolio should include the use of fog when it&#8217;s appropriate. With that said, with long shots or panoramic vistas, atmospheric perspective is almost always present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Color_as_a_material_not_optical_property\"><\/span>Color as a material (not optical) property<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Earlier, we discussed light as a reflective phenomenon: we only see the light waves that bounce off a surface. But color can be a signifier of the substance and state (including internal state) of objects. Linguistic evidence demonstrates that color includes optical and non-optical properties of objects more closely related to the material of the object than light reflectance alone. It is more sensible for us to embrace the full phenomenology of color when we model material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Behavioral science suggests that color is relevant only insofar as we can correlate it to the substance and circumstance of a thing seen. A principal (and purely optical) function of color is to separate a figure from its ground. Typically an object of interest \u2014 an edible fruit, let&#8217;s say \u2014 is of a different material than the background \u2014 the bowl it sits in. This material difference is only partially explained by reflectance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"771\" data-attachment-id=\"6851\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-10-expressions-of-geometry\/r674\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2250,1695\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;R674&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"R674\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890-1024x771.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890-1024x771.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6851\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890-1024x771.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890-768x579.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Paul_Cezanne_Still_Life_With_Apples_c._1890-1536x1157.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Paul C\u00e9zanne, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Paul_C%C3%A9zanne,_Still_Life_With_Apples,_c._1890.jpg\"><strong>Still Life With Apples<\/strong><\/a>, c. 1890<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Semiotic_functions\"><\/span>Semiotic functions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A second, more semiotic function of color is <em>recognition of a state<\/em> \u2014 an edible fruit is a different color than one that must ripen or one that is over-ripe. This external state signals the internal state of an object. All the color theory in the world will do little to inform the artist about the need for color to have a material connotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"7181\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/underripe\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/underripe.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"underripe\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/underripe.jpg\" data-id=\"7181\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/underripe.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/underripe.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/underripe-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/underripe-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1160\" height=\"774\" data-attachment-id=\"7183\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/cattelan-banana-seoul2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1160,774\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cattelan-banana-seoul2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2-1024x683.jpg\" data-id=\"7183\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2.jpg 1160w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/cattelan-banana-seoul2-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"7180\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/overripe2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/overripe2.png\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"overripe2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/overripe2.png\" data-id=\"7180\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/overripe2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/overripe2.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/overripe2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/overripe2-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>From green to yellow to brown, the banana signals an inner state through color. The ripe banana in this series is the infamous <strong>Comedian<\/strong> by Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. After the first edition of the work&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/style\/article\/art-basel-miami-maurizio-cattelan-banana-scli-intl\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sold in 2019 for $120,000<\/a>, performance artist David Datuna <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/style\/article\/student-eats-maurizio-cattelan-banana-art-south-korea-intl-hnk\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">plucked the banana off the wall and ate it<\/a> at Art Basel in Miami as stunned onlookers watched.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some may argue that color is only a simple, abstract physical property, such as reflectance, and that all the rest is psychosocial babble, but when modeling we should think otherwise: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Color is fundamentally concrete, material, and deeply embedded in the lives, ecologies, and evolutions of the organisms that perceive it. Abstraction comes later, if at all, from an attempt to give a simple scientific description of the phenomena. This is the reason that color does not enter into any fundamental physical theories: it is not a physical, but a psychobiological category.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Much of the difficulty with color arises from trying to reconstruct a folk concept as a scientific or philosophical concept. This is unnecessary. We have or can define the scientific concepts that we need, such as surface spectral reflectance and productance. Further, the attempted reconstruction is counterproductive, for it diverts us from the interesting and important task of elucidating the rich and concrete phenomenology of color as it is actually experienced by humans and other animals.<\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 Bruce Maclennan <sup><a href=\"#footnote_2_7097\" id=\"identifier_2_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/2857478_Color_as_a_Material_not_an_Optical_Property\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>For a deeper discussion of the optical and technical aspects of color as a visual element, return to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses\/#PART_2_%E2%80%94_Viewport_Visual_Design\">Part 2 &#8211; Viewport Visual Design<\/a><\/strong> and visit <strong>Chapter 7 &#8211; Optical Visual Elements<\/strong>. In that chapter, we also discuss the optical nature of texture, but here we&#8217;ll take a deeper dive since the word <em><strong>texture<\/strong><\/em> has a special connotation specific to modeling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Texture_and_material\"><\/span>Texture and material<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Computer science has systematized qualitative phenomena such as color, but texture remains a more elusive and ambiguous animal. In everyday speech, texture refers to tactile surface qualities: smooth, rough, hairy, sandy, fuzzy, slick, etc. Awareness of texture is sensory-based, part of attaining awareness and understanding of the world we call <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perception_%28psychology%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">perception<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like light and color, texture is an element of visual design. In concert with other elements, it is used to generate emphasis, contrast, rhythm, and the spectrum of other visual principles we&#8217;ve encountered. Recall that, as a visual element in art, we appreciate texture in three overlapping categories: <strong><em>physical<\/em><\/strong> texture, <em><strong>visual<\/strong><\/em> texture, and <strong><em>implied<\/em><\/strong> texture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"810\" data-attachment-id=\"7160\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/manray-dust\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust.png\" data-orig-size=\"1290,1020\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"manray-dust\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust-1024x810.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust-1024x810.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust-1024x810.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust-300x237.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust-768x607.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/manray-dust.png 1290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Man Ray,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/toah\/works-of-art\/69.521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Dust Breeding<\/strong><\/a>,&nbsp;1920. Man Ray uses a two-hour exposure to record the complex texture accumulating on the surface of Duchamp&#8217;s&nbsp;Large Glass. Duchamp had allowed the surface to collect a year&#8217;s worth of dust, after which he incorporated a portion of it into the work. Texture can often be indeterminate, something beyond the choice or control of the artist.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_visual_and_implied\"><\/span>Physical, visual, and implied<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2431\" height=\"2431\" data-attachment-id=\"6308\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-9-expression-form-content-and-narrative\/vincent_van_gogh_-_self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2431,2431\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6308\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat.jpg 2431w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2431px) 100vw, 2431px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Vincent Van Gogh,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:WLANL_-_jankie_-_Zelfportret_%28detail%29,_Vincent_van_Gogh_%281887-1888%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Self-portrait with Felt Hat<\/strong><\/a>, 1888<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong><em>PHYSICAL TEXTURE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A physical texture is tactile, one that can be felt as well as seen. Although it would get you in trouble with museum guards to actually touch a Van Gogh, you can imagine what the texture of his <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impasto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">impasto<\/a> painting technique would be like to &#8220;see&#8221; with your fingers. Physical texture acts like a <strong>displacement map<\/strong>, adding geometry to a basic shape.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"348\" data-attachment-id=\"2482\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/goings\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,348\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"goings\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2482\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings-300x209.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ralph Goings,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/artists\/lotdetailpage.aspx?lot_id=9F261D1AB31C3E2669F5410BAD9DE2F8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Five Spot Still Life<\/strong><\/a>, 1990<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong><em>VISUAL TEXTURE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The brushwork of this Photo-Realist painter is physically smooth, yet Goings creates many textures the eye can &#8220;feel&#8221; ranging from the reflective smoothness of metal to the grittiness of pepper. The texture is an illusion: seen, but only referencing physical texture. Visual texture acts like a <strong>bump map<\/strong>, suggesting texture but not adding geometry.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"944\" height=\"930\" data-attachment-id=\"7325\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/riley-bridget-b-1931-cataract-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"944,930\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Artwork Copyright: the artist; P&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Riley, Bridget; Cataract 3; British Council Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/cataract-3-177152&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright information and licence terms for this image can be found on the Art UK website at http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/17715&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Riley, Bridget, b.1931; Cataract 3&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Riley, Bridget, b.1931; Cataract 3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Riley, Bridget; Cataract 3; British Council Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/cataract-3-177152&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7325\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg 944w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001-300x296.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001-768x757.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 944px) 100vw, 944px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Bridget Riley, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/cataract-3-177152\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Cataract 3<\/strong><\/a>, 1967<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong><em>IMPLIED TEXTURE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Riley uses line, repetition and high contrast to create the visual conditions of texture in her abstract Op-Art work. The working visual definition of texture is present, seen as texture quality but not referencing physical texture in objective ways. Implied texture acts like a <strong>procedural map<\/strong>, where parameters are manipulated to achieve a result.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Texture_properties\"><\/span>Texture properties<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>What sets texture apart from the other visual elements is this: it is not <em>primarily<\/em> visual! As children, we explore the world as perceptual sponges, recording memories of hair and dirt and wood, so that as we <em>see<\/em> these later in life, we can imagine their texture without having to touch them. Like other non-visual perceptual phenomena (odor, taste, sound), texture is nearly impossible to fully describe in words. What words we do have are fairly informal, emotional, or metaphorical \u2014 hardly the kind of hard-core, quantitative information required to resolve human perception with computational models in the way light and color have been.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Psychologists who study perception have nonetheless attempted to systematize texture, but no matter how these systems develop, they almost always devolve into descriptions: fine or coarse, smooth or rough, regular or random, et cetera. We can think of some of these properties as dichotomous, so we can set them up as axes or complements, roughly analogous to the way we treat color. In other words, these properties can be thought of as spatial coordinates, much like the way the HSV color model creates a color space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Tamura_Texture_Model_six_dimensions_of_texture\"><\/span>The Tamura Texture Model: six dimensions of texture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1978, a team of psychologists led by H. Tamura conducted perception experiments in which his team isolated a set of texture qualities that we can feel and describe visually: <strong>coarseness, contrast, directionality, line-likeness, regularity<\/strong>, and<strong> roughness<\/strong>. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_3_7097\" id=\"identifier_3_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"H. Tamura, S. Mori, and T. Yamawaki. &quot;Texture features corresponding to visual perception.&quot; IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Vol. SMC-8, No. 6. 1978. pp. 460 - 473.\">3<\/a><\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"994\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"7393\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5-figure2-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-Figure2-1.png\" data-orig-size=\"994,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5-Figure2-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-Figure2-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-Figure2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-Figure2-1.png 994w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-Figure2-1-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5-Figure2-1-768x309.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 994px) 100vw, 994px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Without going into a deeper definition of each term, we can think of each as a pole with an opposite:&nbsp;coarse vs. fine, high vs. low contrast, linear vs. non-linear, regular vs. random, rough vs. smooth \u2014 with&nbsp;directionality&nbsp;referencing compass-like vectors relative to some fixed point. Computational models typically select three out of the six qualities to generate a kind of &#8220;texture space&#8221; \u2014 a set of&nbsp;coarseness, contrast,&nbsp;and directionality coordinates that can be algorithmically manipulated through what are called <strong>procedural textures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"555\" height=\"555\" data-attachment-id=\"3063\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/three-kinds-of-map\/cloth_procedural\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural.png\" data-orig-size=\"555,555\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cloth_procedural\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3063\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural.png 555w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cloth_procedural-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Cloth procedural in Maya<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"668\" data-attachment-id=\"7174\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/wood-procedural\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural.png\" data-orig-size=\"668,668\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"wood-procedural\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7174\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural.png 668w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/wood-procedural-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Wood procedural in Maya<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"717\" height=\"717\" data-attachment-id=\"3073\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/three-kinds-of-map\/brownian\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian.png\" data-orig-size=\"717,717\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brownian\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3073\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian.png 717w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/brownian-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Brownian procedural in Maya<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>If&nbsp;<em>coarse vs. fine<\/em>&nbsp;describes the resolution of a texture seen straight on,&nbsp;<em>rough vs. smooth<\/em>&nbsp;refers to the relationships perpendicular to that, making&nbsp;<em>roughness<\/em>&nbsp;a more useful quality for 3D modeling than image searching.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>To visualize the difference between coarseness and roughness, one might think of looking at a golf course. The fairway grass is coarser and rougher, while the putting green surface is finer and smoother.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"7386\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1350,759\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"dcp-1284-1540&amp;#215;866-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1-1024x576.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dcp-1284-1540x866-1.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Putting green is smoother (shorter), fairway is rougher (higher)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"599\" data-attachment-id=\"7388\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bermuda-grass\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,599\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bermuda-grass\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass.jpg 600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bermuda-grass-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Bermuda grass \u2014 coarser, broad blades<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2310\" height=\"2310\" data-attachment-id=\"7389\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2310,2310\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142.jpg 2310w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-2048x2048.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Kentucky-bluegrass-big-2bfd5e0933514004b6ee11e86767a142-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2310px) 100vw, 2310px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Kentucky bluegrass \u2014 finer, skinny blades<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Coarseness<\/strong> describes the distance between the blades of grass and whether the grass is Bermuda (broad) or Kentucky Blue (thin). <strong>Roughness<\/strong> refers to how high the grass is mowed. In other words, coarseness is a horizontal phenomenon, and roughness is vertical. <em>This implies a 3D coordinate system for describing texture.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pattern_as_texture_a_spectrum\"><\/span>Pattern as texture: a spectrum<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The remaining Tamura qualities,&nbsp;<em>line-likeness,<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>regularity<\/em> can be useful for thinking about that special case of texture known as <strong>Pattern. <\/strong>We recognize pattern in the frequency of repetition of an element \u2014 a hair, a brick, a particle of sand \u2014 set in a predictable spatial organization. A sandy beach is not a pattern, but a tiled wall is. We can gauge pattern predictability on a spectrum from&nbsp;regular&nbsp;(highly predictable) to&nbsp;stochastic&nbsp;(highly randomized). Stochastic patterns are what we recognize as pure, unstructured textures.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1690\" height=\"700\" data-attachment-id=\"7173\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/pattern_scale\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale.png\" data-orig-size=\"1690,700\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"pattern_scale\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale-1024x424.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale.png 1690w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale-1024x424.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale-768x318.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/pattern_scale-1536x636.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1690px) 100vw, 1690px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Texture_mapping\"><\/span>Texture mapping<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When mapping the Earth, cartographers face the same problem 3D modelers face: how to represent the features of a curving object on a flat surface. Cylindrical map projections such as the Mercator are familiar from grade school, but they contain distortions that make the poles feel larger than they should. Polar distortions are relieved by other kinds of projections, some of which are seen here, but at the expense of distorting the equator. We live with distortion at the poles because most of us don&#8217;t live there!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"708\" height=\"347\" data-attachment-id=\"7188\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/graphic_tfts\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphic_tfts.png\" data-orig-size=\"708,347\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"graphic_tfts\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphic_tfts.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphic_tfts.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphic_tfts.png 708w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphic_tfts-300x147.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 708px) 100vw, 708px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>To pull a flat texture off of a curving surface, distortions must be introduced, like the familiar distortions that occur at the poles in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercator_projection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mercator projection map<\/a> derived from the 3D sphere of the planet Earth.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"703\" data-attachment-id=\"7189\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/figure2-projections\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections.png\" data-orig-size=\"2092,1436\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"figure2-projections\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-1024x703.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-1024x703.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-1024x703.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-768x527.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-1536x1054.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/figure2-projections-2048x1406.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A texture can be stretched, wrapped, or projected in many ways.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/natureofgeoinfo\/c2_p30.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Planar (left), conic (center), and cylindrical (right) map projections<\/a>&nbsp;are somewhat analogous to the different Maya texture projections.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"441\" data-attachment-id=\"7190\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/googlemap\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1300,560\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"googlemap\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap-1024x441.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap-1024x441.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap-1024x441.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap-300x129.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap-768x331.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/googlemap.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Depending on how the flat texture is developed, it inevitably has &#8220;seams&#8221; which lead to the familiar &#8220;wallpaper&#8221; metaphor for texture application, an example of which can be seen in this screen capture from&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/maps.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Google Maps<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike the globe, Mercator maps have seams that one can join at a line of longitude, suggesting a kind of tile or wallpaper idea that does govern a good bit of image texture creation in 3D modeling. Well-designed texture maps don&#8217;t reveal their seams. But, once we design the map, how do we figure out how to project it back onto the surface?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mapping_coordinates_UVW\"><\/span>Mapping coordinates: UVW<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Designers of 3D programs have developed an independent set of coordinates for texture maps called <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UVW_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UVW coordinates<\/a>. UVW values in the texture space are analogous to XYZ values for the geometry space of the model. In most 2D cases, we only use <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UV_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UV coordinates<\/a>. These tell the software how to place the 2D texture onto the 3D geometry. The mechanism differs depending on whether the geometry is polygons or NURBS, and each has advantages and drawbacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NURBS is parametric by nature, so the software determines texture placement that way. Polygon surfaces act like the maps described above. Planar, conic, cylindrical, and other kinds of global map projections are analogous to polygonal texture projections found, for example, in Maya. These are Planar, Spherical, Cylindrical,&nbsp;and the special case method somewhat misleadingly called&nbsp;Automatic Mapping.&nbsp;A texture placed without UV mapping develops at the whim of the program&#8217;s algorithms. UV mapping solves this by putting you in charge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Texture_projection\"><\/span>Texture projection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>If we place a 2D texture on a sphere with Planar projection, odd distortions occur at areas perpendicular to the projection. Spherical projection solves the problem but introduces the same issue that crops up with a Mercator map. We call the pinching condition at the poles&nbsp;singularities, where we can see the top and bottom of the image squeezed down to a single point! We must construct the texture image with this distortion in mind \u2014 a bit like Mercator projecting in reverse. Thankfully, in planar geometries, UV map creation is a simpler process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"360\" data-attachment-id=\"7192\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"660,360\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o.jpg 660w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362718_8de1bc80a5_o-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uv_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A sphere<\/a>&nbsp;rendered with a checkered image map, without UV mapping at left, and using UV mapping at right.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"370\" data-attachment-id=\"7193\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5342753145_67688a49f2_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342753145_67688a49f2_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"710,370\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5342753145_67688a49f2_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342753145_67688a49f2_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342753145_67688a49f2_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342753145_67688a49f2_o.jpg 710w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342753145_67688a49f2_o-300x156.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The process of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uv_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UV mapping<\/a>&nbsp;a sphere. Maya &#8220;unwraps&#8221; the polygon vertices (p) and, after pulling them out of 3D Cartesian space, flattens them out to create a UV map.&nbsp;A texture is created and applied to the UV map, then Maya &#8220;rewraps&#8221; the texture in Cartesian space. Note the distortions necessary at the poles to account for singularities.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"549\" data-attachment-id=\"7194\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1680,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o-1024x549.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o-1024x549.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o-1024x549.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o-768x411.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o-1536x823.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343362660_ed93a1f7b0_o.jpg 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The process of UV mapping a cube creates a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Net_%28polyhedron%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">polyhedron net<\/a>&nbsp;that can then be used to texture the cube in Cartesian space. Unlike the sphere, no distortion occurs, because pixel information is distributed in a congruent, rectilinear geometry.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"619\" height=\"619\" data-attachment-id=\"3068\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/three-kinds-of-map\/making_marble_into_wood\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood.png\" data-orig-size=\"619,619\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"making_marble_into_wood\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3068\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood.png 619w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/making_marble_into_wood-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Using a different <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Net_%28polyhedron%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cube net<\/a> \u2014 there are 11 in total \u2014 we can see the mapping of a texture in the software <a href=\"https:\/\/help.autodesk.com\/view\/MAYAUL\/2024\/ENU\/?guid=GUID-73BF7546-3BF2-44F3-9192-15A024CEC173\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UV Editor<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"224\" data-attachment-id=\"7198\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/the_11_cubic_nets-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_11_cubic_nets.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"480,224\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"The_11_cubic_nets.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_11_cubic_nets.svg.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_11_cubic_nets.svg.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_11_cubic_nets.svg.png 480w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/The_11_cubic_nets.svg-300x140.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_graph_paper_analogy\"><\/span>A graph paper analogy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When thinking of UV mapping, it helps to imagine your texture image as a piece of graph paper. The paper can be drawn on, then folded, or curved into various shapes. Need a coffee mug? The graph paper will curve into a cylinder, emulating the Cylindrical projection in the software. For a more complex shape, like a shoe, the graph paper gets folded or sliced to conform to the geometry, emulating something like Automatic Mapping (for polygons) or parametric mapping to multiple NURBS patches. Highly irregular geometries cause the graph paper to crumple up. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" data-attachment-id=\"7201\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5343363002_c756e091da_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5343363002_c756e091da_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343363002_c756e091da_o-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" data-attachment-id=\"7203\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/graphmug\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug.png\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"graphmug\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug-1024x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug.png 1200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/graphmug-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"7202\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/vansgraphpaperera2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vansgraphpaperera2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/vansgraphpaperera2-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>A common <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Graph-paper.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">graph paper pattern<\/a> applied to a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kitchenandtabletop.com\/ceramics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cup<\/a> is analogous to the cylindrical projection of a UV map. When applied to a more irregular surface like <a href=\"http:\/\/hypebeast.com\/2008\/03\/vans-graph-paper-era\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sneaker fabric<\/a>, the edges seen where fabric changes direction are analogous to the selective application of a map to NURBS patches or faces in a polygon mesh.&nbsp;In this promotional <a href=\"http:\/\/www.luxology.com\/community\/profiles\/martin_duerr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">image<\/a> from Martin Duerr&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.modelsfrommars.com\/MFM\/MODELS_FROM_MARS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Models From Mars<\/a>, the rock is an image scan, mapped onto the surface seen with an alternate texture: graph paper.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1364\" data-attachment-id=\"7204\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/car_map\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,1364\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"car_map\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map-901x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map-264x300.jpg 264w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map-901x1024.jpg 901w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map-768x873.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/car_map-300x341.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The key to understanding UV space is this: relationships among the UV grid vertices remain constant, regardless of the surface complexity of the XYZ geometry to which it is applied.&nbsp;<em>Distances<\/em>&nbsp;might distort, but&nbsp;<em>pixel order<\/em>&nbsp;remains the same. The goal of UV mapping is to either minimize distance distortions or to use them to one&#8217;s advantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Varieties_of_mapping\"><\/span>Varieties of mapping<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Image_maps\"><\/span>Image maps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Image maps<\/strong> are simply raster images we have specially formulated to act as bitmap textures in UV space. We can generate image maps in an image-editing program, or simply use a scan or photograph to represent actual material. A pattern like the brick seen here should be edited carefully at the edges to avoid obvious edge-to-edge tiling as the UV map repeats over the geometry&#8217;s surface, and it should be large enough that any periodic repetition is not noticeable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-2 is-cropped is-style-rectangular wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"7209\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/brick_text\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1536\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Mayang Adnin and William Smith&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright 2005 Mayang Adnin and William Smith&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brick_text\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text-1024x768.jpg\" data-id=\"7209\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick_text.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>A simple image map: frontal, orthogonally-oriented photo of a brick wall. If using a free texture, credit the source: here, it&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tags\/Mayang%20Texture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mayang&#8217;s Free Textures<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-attachment-id=\"7207\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/brick-text-tiled\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-tiled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,750\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Mayang Adnin and William Smith&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;One of the 1000&#039;s of high resolution textures available\\rfrom Mayang&#039;s Free Textures - see\\rhttp:\/\/www.mayang.com\/textures\/\\r\\rThis texture may not be sold without permission from the authors.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright 2005 Mayang Adnin and William Smith&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brick-text-tiled\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;One of the 1000&amp;#8217;s of high resolution textures available&lt;br \/&gt;\nfrom Mayang&amp;#8217;s Free Textures &amp;#8211; see&lt;br \/&gt;\nhttp:\/\/www.mayang.com\/textures\/&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;This texture may not be sold without permission from the authors.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-tiled.jpg\" data-id=\"7207\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-tiled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-tiled.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-tiled-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-tiled-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>If the image is used as a UV map, unacceptable seams, crookedness and uneven light values all make the periodic repetition pretty obvious.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"796\" data-attachment-id=\"7210\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/brick-text-crop\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1255,976\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brick-text-crop\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop-1024x796.jpg\" data-id=\"7210\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop-1024x796.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-crop.jpg 1255w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>10 minutes in Photoshop: set four edges with guides, straighten with transforms, clone stamp edges to match, and dodge\/burn values. Finally, crop it to the guides.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"700\" data-attachment-id=\"7208\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/brick-text-finished\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-finished.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"880,700\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Mayang Adnin and William Smith&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;One of the 1000&#039;s of high resolution textures available\\rfrom Mayang&#039;s Free Textures - see\\rhttp:\/\/www.mayang.com\/textures\/\\r\\rThis texture may not be sold without permission from the authors.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright 2005 Mayang Adnin and William Smith&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brick-text-finished\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;One of the 1000&amp;#8217;s of high resolution textures available&lt;br \/&gt;\nfrom Mayang&amp;#8217;s Free Textures &amp;#8211; see&lt;br \/&gt;\nhttp:\/\/www.mayang.com\/textures\/&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;This texture may not be sold without permission from the authors.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-finished.jpg\" data-id=\"7208\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-finished.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-finished.jpg 880w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-finished-300x239.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brick-text-finished-768x611.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>As a extra touch, copy the image, double the canvas width, paste and transform-flip horizontally. This changes the periodic repetition of detail that can give the game away.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Multiples_atlases_and_mipmaps\"><\/span>Multiples: atlases and mipmaps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>In many cases, an image map contains a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texture_atlas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">texture atlas<\/a><\/strong>: a file with many images laid out like a paper doll cutout or a decal sheet. We see here the strange appearance of texture atlases generated for a low-poly game character. The artist directs the UV editor to apply specific pieces of the texture atlas to specific objects or polygon faces in the geometry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"341\" data-attachment-id=\"7212\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5343604342_2af3898759_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343604342_2af3898759_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,341\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5343604342_2af3898759_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343604342_2af3898759_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343604342_2af3898759_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7212\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343604342_2af3898759_o.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343604342_2af3898759_o-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343604342_2af3898759_o-768x256.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"341\" data-attachment-id=\"7213\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,341\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5342994341_f0303a9825_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342994341_f0303a9825_o-768x256.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Rob Nance, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rnance.com\/Bucky\/BuckyArchive.html\"><strong>Buildable Bucky<\/strong><\/a>, a flat 3D cardboard doll from his comic archive, 2006. In principle, the same strategy is used for a texture atlas.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7215\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/helena-head\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"helena-head\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-head-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Crytek, <a href=\"http:\/\/gfx-3d-model.blogspot.com\/2009\/11\/3d-female-model.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Helena Rosenthal<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/gfx-3d-model.blogspot.com\/2009\/11\/3d-female-model.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a>, 2007.&nbsp;The head UV map only has one ear because it&#8217;s mapped onto the geometry twice. A careful observer will notice both reflection and variation of pixels in the face.<\/em> <em>Below, like the Bucky paper doll, Helena&#8217;s body UV map is laid out for efficient use of the smallest possible image area. Because any part of the image can be selected to map to any part of the geometry, it doesn&#8217;t need to correlate to anatomy. Like the ear, one hand and one shoe are mapped twice. Helena is a character from the game <a href=\"http:\/\/www.incrysis.com\/wiki\/index.php\/Crysis_Creatures_and_Characters#Helena_Rosenthal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Crysis<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" data-attachment-id=\"7216\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/helena-torso\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"helena-torso\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso-1024x512.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7216\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/helena-torso.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>We can use another kind of atlas known as a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mipmap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mipmap<\/a><\/strong> in contexts where we must maximize processing speed. MIP stands for the Latin phrase<em>&nbsp;multum in parvo<\/em>, meaning&nbsp;<em>much in a small (space).<\/em>&nbsp;Not only do these render faster, but they can also get rid of undesirable <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aliasing\">aliasing<\/a> artifacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"384\" height=\"256\" data-attachment-id=\"7220\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/mipmap_example_sts101\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"384,256\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"MipMap_Example_STS101\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7220\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101.jpg 384w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mipmap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mipmaps<\/a>&nbsp;can help with processing time, but the smaller images can sometimes be &#8220;polluted&#8221; by larger ones if the maps are not carefully constructed<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"511\" height=\"511\" data-attachment-id=\"7221\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/mipmap_example_sts101_anisotropic\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic.png\" data-orig-size=\"511,511\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7221\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic.png 511w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/MipMap_Example_STS101_Anisotropic-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>An example of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropic_filtering\">anisotropic mipmap image storage<\/a>: the principal image on the top left is accompanied by filtered,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linear_map\">linearly transformed<\/a>&nbsp;copies of reduced size.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"288\" data-attachment-id=\"7223\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/mipmap_aliasing_comparison\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison.png\" data-orig-size=\"1920,540\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison-1024x288.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison-1024x288.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison-1024x288.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison-300x84.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison-768x216.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison-1536x432.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Mipmap_Aliasing_Comparison.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Aliasing causes a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moir%C3%A9_pattern\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Moir\u00e9 pattern<\/a>&nbsp;in the left image. Mipmaps reduce&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aliasing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">aliasing<\/a>&nbsp;at large distances.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Texture_splatting\"><\/span>Texture splatting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Other kinds of image map manipulations like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texture_splatting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">texture splatting<\/a> make sophisticated-looking texture blends out of relatively simple alpha-channel manipulations. As you become more sophisticated in your image map-making, you&#8217;ll encounter some of these techniques.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"795\" data-attachment-id=\"7226\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/texture_splatting\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Texture_splatting.png\" data-orig-size=\"1020,795\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Texture_splatting\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Texture_splatting.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Texture_splatting.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Texture_splatting.png 1020w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Texture_splatting-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Texture_splatting-768x599.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texture_splatting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Texture splatting<\/a>&nbsp;combines textures with alpha masks, a technique that can sometimes hide the recycling of maps to save memory<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"200\" data-attachment-id=\"7227\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/terrain_splatting\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/terrain_splatting.png\" data-orig-size=\"800,200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"terrain_splatting\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/terrain_splatting.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/terrain_splatting.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7227\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/terrain_splatting.png 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/terrain_splatting-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/terrain_splatting-768x192.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Texture splatting is common in <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/en\/articles\/442924\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">terrain modeling<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedural_maps\"><\/span>Procedural maps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Image maps are great but they do have some liabilities \u2014 processing time, resolution, and the inevitable periodic repetition of small detail. Often, it&#8217;s better to use a procedural map. <strong>Procedural maps<\/strong> are a calculated texture, analogous to the implied texture of Bridget Riley&#8217;s painting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Patterns such as brick and tile are so regular that we can represent them with a simple mathematical formula. We can even generate non-periodic materials like granite, wood, and water using mathematical &#8220;noise&#8221; randomizers like fractals and turbulence. Because they are parametric, we can adjust procedural maps to create and refine all kinds of phenomena, so the artist doesn&#8217;t have to settle for whatever image map is available. Noise randomizers vary at every point in space, to avoid periodic repetition. In the special case of 3D procedural maps discussed below, the map permeates 3D space, thus avoiding the problems associated with 2D projection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"607\" data-attachment-id=\"7230\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,948\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2-1024x607.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2-1024x607.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2-1024x607.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2-768x455.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2-1536x910.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sergi-lluch-sergilluch-brickwall2.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>In this sophisticated procedural brick texture by <a href=\"https:\/\/sergilluch.artstation.com\/\">Sergi Lluch<\/a>, note the pattern and texture stay the same but the color changes as one parameter in the procedural model.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2D_procedurals\"><\/span>2D procedurals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>A 2D procedural is like a calculated form of an image map. Maya and other software packages contain a range of 2D procedurals, including regular patterns (including <strong><em>Grid, Checker, Bulge, Cloth,<\/em> <\/strong>and<em><strong> Ramp<\/strong><\/em>) and noise patterns (including <strong><em>Fractal, Noise<\/em><\/strong>,<strong><em> Water<\/em><\/strong>, <strong><em>Brownian<\/em><\/strong>, and <strong><em>Simplex Noise<\/em><\/strong>). A formula creates the image, then the image is projected onto the 3D geometry. In that respect, 2D procedural maps are subject to all the possibilities and limitations inherent in traditional image mapping.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3800\" height=\"1782\" data-attachment-id=\"7232\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/2dprocedurals\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals.png\" data-orig-size=\"3800,1782\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2Dprocedurals\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals-1024x480.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7232\" style=\"width:1200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals.png 3800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals-1024x480.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals-768x360.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals-1536x720.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2Dprocedurals-2048x960.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3800px) 100vw, 3800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Every kind of 2D procedural map can change parameters:  larger or smaller repetition in the case of regular patterns, and more or less randomness and intensity in the case of noise patterns.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3D_procedurals\"><\/span>3D procedurals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>3D procedurals exist mathematically throughout the entire 3D space. When applied, the surface of the object defines where you see the texture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"450\" data-attachment-id=\"7249\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/procedural_texture\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"450,450\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Procedural_Texture\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7249\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture.jpg 450w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Procedural_Texture-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>A procedural texture generated with the texture editor&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.spiralgraphics.biz\/gallery.htm\">Genetica<\/a>&nbsp;from Spiral Graphics.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"770\" height=\"1026\" data-attachment-id=\"7250\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/anthony-mccall-installation-view-of-five-minutes-of-pure-sculpture-hamburger-bahnhof-berlin-2012-feat\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"770,1026\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat-768x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat.jpg 770w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat-768x1023.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Anthony-McCall-Installation-view-of-Five-Minutes-of-Pure-Sculpture-Hamburger-Bahnhof-Berlin-2012-feat-300x400.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Anthony McCall,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.serpentinegallery.org\/2007\/04\/anthony_mccalldecember_2007_ja.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Between You and I<\/a><\/strong>,&nbsp;2006&nbsp;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>If a 2D map projects onto a surface, we might say a model <em>intersects<\/em> a 3D map. It is similar to the way light intersects the CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;fog in the installation by Anthony McCall \u2014 the audience is unaware of the fog outside of the light, though it&#8217;s still there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With 3D procedurals, the artist never has to worry about projection distortions of the map. To illustrate the relationship between 3D procedurals and geometry, observe the illustrations here. The lattice represents the presence of a marble-based material, and as it moves and rotates with respect to the sphere, it dynamically intersects the geometry, giving the illusion of cloud motion seen in the video.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-attachment-id=\"7254\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/3dprocedural1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"3dprocedural1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7254\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural1.jpg 640w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural1-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The 3D map is represented by a green lattice manipulator. This does not represent the limit of the material \u2014 think of it as a volumetric &#8220;tile.&#8221; This is the first keyframe in the animation below.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-attachment-id=\"7255\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/3dprocedural2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"3dprocedural2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7255\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural2.jpg 640w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/3dprocedural2-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The 3D map has been moved and rotated, but the sphere remains static. Using this as a key in frame 300, the material flows through the volume of the sphere to achieve a cloud-like motion effect.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"position: relative; aspect-ratio: 16 \/ 9; overflow: hidden;\">\n<iframe style=\"border: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 2px; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/DXZ03vCiknM?si=1wWOXMWDJ4_OIzfH\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Almost all 3D procedurals are random. Many, such as wood and marble effects, seem limited to imitating specific material types. But as you observed in the &#8220;cloud&#8221; video, we used the marble to synthesize quite a different phenomenon. So don&#8217;t be fooled by the names! We can use wood, for example, to texture fish in sushi!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" data-attachment-id=\"7258\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,380\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12.jpg 640w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/set-of-sushi-3d-model-4fd9645f12-300x178.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Wood procedural makes the veining in this salmon sushi roll.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bump_and_other_depth_maps\"><\/span>Bump and other depth maps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The flowers in Ralph Goings&#8217;s still-life look hyper-real when observing the painting from the normal point of view: that is, frontally. This kind of painting uses&nbsp;the <em>trompe l&#8217;oeil<\/em>&nbsp;(French for &#8220;fool the eye&#8221;) technique to create the illusion of texture and shadow we associate with flowers. It can be said that most image mapping indulges in&nbsp;<em>trompe l&#8217;oeil<\/em>, but in the case of a highly textured object, the image map falls short because it doesn&#8217;t generate proper surface shadows. To achieve higher realism in this instance, we turn to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bump_map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>bump maps<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes called <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Normal_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>normal maps<\/strong><\/a>, bump maps use color values to assign additional depth to the surface of a simple object. The renderer reads this depth and calculates shadows without having to add complex, processer-clogging geometry. For textures like oak grain, skin pores, orange rinds, brickwork, and tile grout lines, a bump map is the perfect solution, because we don&#8217;t read these kinds of textures as changing the appearance of a shadow. Once coarser and rougher textures are modeled, the artist must judge whether the effect of surface texture alone is enough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine looking at the Goings painting at a steep angle (a&nbsp;<em>parallax<\/em>&nbsp;view) and you can predict the flowers won&#8217;t look real anymore. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parallax_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Parallax maps<\/strong><\/a> calculate apparent depth with respect to the view angle, partially solving the problem. But, no matter how sophisticated the bump map might be, the shadow cast by a bump-mapped object never contains real geometric texture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"198\" data-attachment-id=\"7261\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png\" data-orig-size=\"643,198\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5029414407_c1c389c274_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o.png 643w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5029414407_c1c389c274_o-300x92.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The simplest&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bump_map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">bump map<\/a>&nbsp;applies a grayscale image to an object to give an appearance of depth without adding geometry. It&#8217;s a useful technique for small-scale depth effects like skin pores, wood grain, or this orange.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Displacement_maps\"><\/span>Displacement maps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\" data-attachment-id=\"7262\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o.png\" data-orig-size=\"1680,1050\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o-1024x640.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o-1024x640.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o-1024x640.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o-768x480.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o-1536x960.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5343367706_4bbaf9cf8d_o.png 1680w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>For heavier textures, bump mapping is unsatisfactory. Here, the crumpled surface is textured on the ball at left, but look at the incongruous silhouette and shadow! The geometry of the volume itself must be changed, as seen on the ball at right.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>When realism demands an effect like our red ball above, we rely on <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Displacement_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>displacement mapping<\/strong><\/a>. Like impasto in Van Gogh&#8217;s painting or bas-relief in sculpture, a displacement map adds geometry to the basic form, and this geometry casts actual texture shadows. In Maya, one might expect this to be applied like a bump map under Common Material Attributes. But Maya treats displacement mapping as a discrete material under the Shading Group Attribute. This is accessible by clicking on those nameless arrow-in-a-box &#8220;mystery&#8221; icons to the right of the material name in the Attribute Editor.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"7265\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/attribute-mystery-node\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/attribute-mystery-node.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"400,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"attribute-mystery-node\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/attribute-mystery-node.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/attribute-mystery-node.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7265\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/attribute-mystery-node.jpg 400w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/attribute-mystery-node-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>In the Maya Attribute Editor under the material tab, the &#8220;mystery&#8221; icon circled in red leads to the Shading Group Attributes, where a Displacement material can be designated. For UI design, I give this a C-.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"474\" data-attachment-id=\"7264\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/displacement\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Displacement.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"320,474\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Displacement\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Displacement.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Displacement.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7264\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Displacement.jpg 320w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Displacement-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Displacement-300x444.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Displacement_mapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Displacement mapping<\/a> adds actual geometric information to the originally modeled form, by calculating the displaced geometry based on the interpretation of an image, often called a&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Height_map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">height map<\/a>. In a grayscale height map, black usually represents zero, with white indicating maximum displacement.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Another caution when working with displacement mapping: the results ONLY show up in rendering. The artist needs to do several test renders while developing displacements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-attachment-id=\"7267\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/brownian-viewport\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-viewport.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,750\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brownian-viewport\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-viewport.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-viewport.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-viewport.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-viewport-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-viewport-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>We add a Brownian 3D texture as the Displacement material under the Shading Group Attributes. The only clue is the green square mesh manipulator to the left of the geometry.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-attachment-id=\"7268\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/brownian-render\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-render.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,750\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"brownian-render\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-render.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-render.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-render.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-render-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/brownian-render-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Here we see the Brownian texture gives a highly lumpy object AND shadow. Only rendering brings a displacement map to life in Maya. Use small resolutions or IPR rendering to test.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Combining_maps\"><\/span>Combining maps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We can combine image, bump, and displacement maps in one material to achieve sophisticated material rendering effects. Below is a gallery using the Bulge procedural applied to a quad-ball, also known as a non-polar sphere. In the first three images, we see the procedural applied one time each for an image map, a bump map, and a deep displacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7242\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bulge-imagemap1080\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bulge-imagemap1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-1024x1024.jpg\" data-id=\"7242\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-imagemap1080.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Image map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7239\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bulge-bumpmap1080\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bulge-bumpmap1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-1024x1024.jpg\" data-id=\"7239\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-bumpmap1080.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bump map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7244\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bulge-displacement1080\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bulge-displacement1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-1024x1024.jpg\" data-id=\"7244\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-displacement1080.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Displacement map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7243\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bulge-disp-image-smaller1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-1024x1024.jpg\" data-id=\"7243\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-disp-image-smaller1080.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Image + shallow displacement<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7240\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bulge-all-smaller1080\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bulge-all-smaller1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-1024x1024.jpg\" data-id=\"7240\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all-smaller1080.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bump+ image + shallow displacement<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7241\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/bulge-all1080\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"bulge-all1080\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-1024x1024.jpg\" data-id=\"7241\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/bulge-all1080.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The same with deep displacement<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, in the final three images, we see a variety of superimposed map types creating different effects. We&#8217;re able to allude to anything from a waffle to a hand grenade to a squeaky dog chew toy to a pineapple to a creepy virus-like structure, all by combining various map types developed from the same Bulge procedural!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Texture_quality\"><\/span>Texture quality<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>In the&nbsp;<em>Object<\/em>&nbsp;by Meret Oppenheim, we see a deliberate incongruity between material and geometry. This manipulates our normal understanding of the teacup into a highly charged and poetic condition. Oppenheim, a Surrealist and proto-feminist, is able to touch on gender, ritual, and eros in this simple and well-crafted act. As an artist, your choices of material are deliberate. They meet an aesthetic or conceptual goal, whether real or surreal, abstract or objective. In this final discussion of material quality, we&#8217;ll explore only a few metaphors and phenomena as case studies of how we can intertwine material and meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" data-attachment-id=\"7275\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/meret-oppenheim\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim.webp\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1360\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"meret-oppenheim\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim-1024x680.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim-1024x680.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim-1024x680.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim-768x510.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim-1536x1020.webp 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/meret-oppenheim.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Meret Oppenheim, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moma.org\/collection\/object.php?object_id=80997\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Object<\/strong><\/a>, 1936<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_wallpaper\"><\/span>As wallpaper<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Material as wallpaper or textile has ramifications, particularly for patterns. We wish to see the periodic repetition of the pattern, but we usually wish to avoid the obvious tiling of the image map, the clearest metaphor for wallpaper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>William Morris,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Morris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Snakeshead printed textile<\/strong><\/a>, 1876. How would you develop an image map that would repeat periodically? Look for the repeating element that can be exploited as a periodic &#8220;node&#8221;. Here, the double red flower closest to the corners can become the node. Everything necessary to repeat the pattern endlessly is enclosed by those four points.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"663\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7276\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/morris_snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"949,1466\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2-663x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2-663x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7276\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2-663x1024.jpg 663w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2-768x1186.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2-300x463.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Morris_Snakeshead_printed_textile_1876_v_2.jpg 949w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_paint\"><\/span>As paint<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Modeling software provides texture &#8220;painting&#8221; tools that you&#8217;ve learned about in tutorials. Recall that texture painting creates a bitmap, but the distinctive character of this bitmap differs from the use of a scanned and applied image. It usually doesn&#8217;t repeat, and the form of the painted texture is intimately tied to the form of the geometry. An irregular pattern is possible, as is a stochastic, Pollock-esque texture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7277\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1576,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5342756697_9fe14917e9_h\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-1009x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-1009x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-1009x1024.jpg 1009w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-768x780.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-1513x1536.jpg 1513w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h-300x305.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5342756697_9fe14917e9_h.jpg 1576w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1009px) 100vw, 1009px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Margaret Courtney-Clarke,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic-art\/370109\/52008\/A-Soninke-woman-paints-the-wall-of-her-house-in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Soninke: woman painting her house in Djajibine<\/strong><\/a>, 1988.&nbsp;The woman is creating an irregular, deformed periodic set of squares, each of which contains a unique design. Not so possible with a scanned image map: better to use texture painting tools for such a task in software.&nbsp;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_projection\"><\/span>As projection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>A movie screen can contain a million different potential narratives, yet it remains the same object. An advanced technique in the software allows one to use a movie as a texture in an animation, but thinking less literally, we can speculate about those instances when a texture feels projected \u2014 a slightly surreal situation, a sense of impermanence or incipient change, a shifted scale or point of view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The large IMAX screen at the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/airandspace.si.edu\/whats-on\/imax-theaters-and-planetarium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Air and Space Museum<\/a><\/strong>, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"910\" height=\"910\" data-attachment-id=\"7278\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/imax-image\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image-.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"910,910\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"IMAX-image-\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image-.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image-.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image-.jpg 910w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image--300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image--150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image--768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/IMAX-image--100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_anamorphosis\"><\/span>As anamorphosis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Recall from earlier reading that &#8220;projection&#8221; is an act with many ramifications. A special condition of projection is anamorphosis, a deliberate distortion of an image. The Mercator map projection encountered earlier is similar to an anamorphic image. Here we see an image distorted to be read by a particular viewing device; here, a mirror.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"757\" height=\"599\" data-attachment-id=\"7279\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/anamorphic_column\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/anamorphic_column.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"757,599\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"anamorphic_column\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/anamorphic_column.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/anamorphic_column.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/anamorphic_column.jpg 757w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/anamorphic_column-300x237.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 757px) 100vw, 757px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Istv\u00e1n Orosz,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz\"><strong>Anamorphosis With Column<\/strong><\/a>,&nbsp;1994<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Another kind of anamorphosis uses a particular point of view as a means to remake the image \u2014 in some ways, the reverse of the mirror anamorphosis. A plausible hypothesis for the particular distortion of the skull in the painting: to surprise a viewer who observes the work from the top of the stairs in a formal foyer: is this a site-specific installation?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Hans Holbein the Younger,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Ambassadors_%28Holbein%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>The Ambassadors<\/strong><\/a>, 1533<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Digital manipulation of the skull in&nbsp;<strong>The Ambassadors<\/strong>&nbsp;shows how the anamorphic image would appear to a viewer from an angle.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"499\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"2832\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mesh-mods\/5343639917_477f0dc339\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"499,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5343639917_477f0dc339\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2832\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339.jpg 499w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339-300x301.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5343639917_477f0dc339-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"165\" height=\"167\" data-attachment-id=\"2833\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mesh-mods\/5344248946_3f904258f4_m\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5344248946_3f904258f4_m.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"165,167\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5344248946_3f904258f4_m\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5344248946_3f904258f4_m.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5344248946_3f904258f4_m.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5344248946_3f904258f4_m.jpg 165w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5344248946_3f904258f4_m-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, we use this technique in both projection and mural installation art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" data-attachment-id=\"5115\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/marinettijs\/holzer-guggenheim\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/holzer-guggenheim.gif\" data-orig-size=\"480,270\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"holzer-guggenheim\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/holzer-guggenheim.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/holzer-guggenheim.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5115\" style=\"width:700px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Jenny Holzer, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=OT62rD7wPkU&amp;ab_channel=GuggenheimMuseum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>For the Guggenheim<\/strong><\/a>, 2010<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"429\" data-attachment-id=\"7280\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/oursler-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oursler.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,429\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"oursler\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oursler.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oursler.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7280\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oursler.jpg 640w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/oursler-300x201.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Tony Oursler,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/ferddiesintrotosculpture.blogspot.com\/2010_08_01_archive.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Magic Bullet Playback Formulas<\/strong><\/a>, 2007&nbsp;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"817\" data-attachment-id=\"7281\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/georges-rousse\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Georges-Rousse.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,817\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Georges-Rousse\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Georges-Rousse.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Georges-Rousse.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7281\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Georges-Rousse.jpg 640w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Georges-Rousse-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Georges-Rousse-300x383.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Georges Rousse,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.todayandtomorrow.net\/2009\/08\/31\/georges-rousse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">work from&nbsp;<strong>The Durham Project<\/strong><\/a>, 2005. Not a Photoshop trick, a modern painted anamorphic installation.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rousseprojectdurham.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Visit this link for a web documentary<\/a><\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_chameleon\"><\/span>As chameleon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Any geometry in our model can have any material applied to it. When a sculptor makes a mold for a casting, they may cast many potential materials into the mold \u2014 plaster, metal, acrylic resin. It&#8217;s not uncommon to see one artist make many editions of one work in several casting materials. It&#8217;s also not uncommon to see a form appropriated, with the act of appropriation signified by a new material expression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"340\" data-attachment-id=\"3196\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/cloning\/mussolini\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"340,340\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"mussolini\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3196\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini.jpg 340w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mussolini-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Renato Bertelli,&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/123nonstop.com\/biography\/Mussolini,_Renato\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong><em>Continuous Profile (Head of Mussolini)<\/em><\/strong><\/a><em>, 1933. Version with a black finish.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"340\" height=\"340\" data-attachment-id=\"3197\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/cloning\/drumpfa\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"340,340\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1462465345&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"drumpfa\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3197\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa.jpg 340w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/drumpfa-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>williamCromar, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/continuous-profile-head-of-drumpf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">continuous profile (head of drumpf)<\/a><\/strong>, 2016. A different autocrat, in a different pose, in an orange-gold leaf.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7286\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1600,1600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-1024x1024.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-1024x1024.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276-100x100.webp 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2003-karim-rashid-ego-vase-large-size-y2k-2003-art-glass-face-bust-0276.webp 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Karim Rashid,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.design4now.com\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=22&amp;Itemid=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Ego Vase<\/strong><\/a>, 2003<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7287\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/foro_italico_5\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Foro_italico_5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5-768x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Foro_italico_5.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Italo Rota,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ionoi.it\/index.php?pages=june\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Principesse<\/strong><\/a>, 2010<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>We can see an interesting take on the ubiquitous rendered spheres here. The goal of most rendering is photo-realism, but here Jainek&#8217;s work attempts to emulate the textures of Escher&#8217;s original lithograph.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"571\" data-attachment-id=\"7288\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/escher-3-spheres\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2043,1140\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"escher-3-spheres\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres-1024x571.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres-1024x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres-1024x571.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres-768x429.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres-1536x857.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/escher-3-spheres.jpg 2043w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>M. C. Escher,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mcescher.com\/Gallery\/back-bmp\/LW339.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Three Spheres II<\/strong><\/a>, 1946<\/em>&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"7289\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5345284775_bb9eb18500_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345284775_bb9eb18500_o-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Werner Jainek&#8217;s&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.ucsd.edu\/courses\/rendering\/2005\/wjainek\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>homage to Escher<\/strong><\/a><\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.ucsd.edu\/courses\/rendering\/2005\/wjainek\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><em>, 2005<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"As_skin\"><\/span>As skin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"980\" data-attachment-id=\"7290\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/michelangelo-pieta-san-pietro-in-vaticano-4-797x1024-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"797,980\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797&amp;#215;1024-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1.jpg 797w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1-768x944.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Michelangelo-Pieta-San-Pietro-in-Vaticano-4-797x1024-1-300x369.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Michelangelo Buonarroti,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.mville.edu\/rafanellil\/coursesrafanelli.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Piet\u00e0<\/strong><\/a>, 1499<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>As an artist becomes more aware of material quality, it becomes clear that the relationship between light and material is much more complex than photons bouncing off of a surface. With marble, as we&#8217;ve seen before, light <em>enters<\/em> the material.  It disperses inside before either being absorbed or projecting back out of the material. The effect is one of a subtle glow, seen in the detail of Mary&#8217;s thinly carved veil in Michelangelo&#8217;s <em>Pieta<\/em>. It turns out that marble has a similar translucency to that of human skin. That explains why this material is so prized among figurative sculptors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henrik_Wann_Jensen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Henrik Wann Jensen<\/a>, all non-metallic materials possess a degree of translucency. <sup><a href=\"#footnote_4_7097\" id=\"identifier_4_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-identifier-link\" title=\"http:\/\/graphics.ucsd.edu\/~henrik\/images\/subsurf.html\">4<\/a><\/sup> Absorbing and scattering of light in translucent materials is called&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/~henrik\/images\/subsurf.html\"><strong>subsurface scattering<\/strong><\/a>. In the <strong>Arnold Standard Surface<\/strong> shader, we can select a preset called <strong>Skin<\/strong>, which creates a convincing subsurface scattering effect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7294\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"subsurface_scatter_w_standard\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/subsurface_scatter_w_standard.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" data-attachment-id=\"7293\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/reproducing-the-human-skin-in-arnold-5-00\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00-1024x576.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Reproducing-the-Human-Skin-In-Arnold-5-00-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Arvid Schneider, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tutorials.cgrecord.net\/2017\/06\/reproducing-human-skin-in-arnold-5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reproducing the Human Skin in Arnold 5<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>That&#8217;s not the only thing we need for a convincing human skin. Here we find Arvid Schneider&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/tutorials.cgrecord.net\/2017\/06\/reproducing-human-skin-in-arnold-5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">illustration<\/a> of a skin material that, among other tricks, includes the use of the Arnold Standard Surface shader. Not many people loved it when Solid Angle, Arnold&#8217;s developer, deprecated the original Skin Shader, but at his site, Arvid now demonstrates how to get an excellent subsurface scatter effect at the ear and the bridge of the nose.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_laws_of_physics\"><\/span>The laws of physics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on our experiences in the world, we have certain expectations of material. Stone is solid, opaque, and heavy. Downy feathers float in the air. Yet these expectations sometimes turn out to be stereotypes. In the real world, of course, material is incapable of doing things that go against the laws of physics. Yet as we saw with the translucent marble walls of the Beinecke Rare Book Library, the material is capable of doing surprising things. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Architectural_weightlessness\"><\/span>Architectural weightlessness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The history of architecture embodies the struggle against gravity that marks the progress of humankind, even from the time the first human stood erect. In these illustrations, we can see the architectural tendency toward this expression: the magic of heavy material exhibiting a quality of weightlessness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-attachment-id=\"7303\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/13547009015_46331622c5_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13547009015_46331622c5_o.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1000,750\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"13547009015_46331622c5_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13547009015_46331622c5_o.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13547009015_46331622c5_o.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13547009015_46331622c5_o.webp 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13547009015_46331622c5_o-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/13547009015_46331622c5_o-768x576.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Callanish_Stones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Callanish Standing Stones<\/strong><\/a>, circa 2500 B.C.E., Isle of Lewis, Scotland. In the 17th century inhabitants of Lewis called the stones&nbsp;<strong>fir bhr\u00e8ige<\/strong>: Scots Gaelic for <strong>false men<\/strong>, a reference to their upright posture.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-attachment-id=\"7298\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2048,1365\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"pantheon\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k-1024x683.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893446_78a3eb22c9_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The <a href=\"http:\/\/apod.nasa.gov\/apod\/ap070420.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pantheon<\/strong><\/a> in Rome, 126 C.E. This was the world&#8217;s largest dome for a millennium.&nbsp;The coffers seen in the sunlight reduce the weight.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" data-attachment-id=\"7300\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/1280px-pont_du_gard_3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,853\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3-1024x682.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1280px-Pont_du_Gard_3-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pont_du_gard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Pont du Gard<\/strong><\/a>, 1st century C.E., demonstrates the lightness an arch brings to stone.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7301\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1329,1772\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;DSC-H5&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1173532435&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;320&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.05&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5345893852_88587ff67c_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o-768x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/5345893852_88587ff67c_o.jpg 1329w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gothic_architecture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Notre-Dame de Reims<\/strong><\/a>, 13th century C.E., uses the pointed arch to bring masonry to the pinnacle of expression of weightlessness.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"685\" data-attachment-id=\"7302\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/1024px-the_barcelona_pavilion_barcelona_2010\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,685\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1024px-The_Barcelona_Pavilion_Barcelona_2010-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,<strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Barcelona_Pavilion,_Barcelona,_2010.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Barcelona Pavilion<\/a><\/strong>, 1929, reconstructed 1986. Weightless and massless, with thin walls that no longer need to carry structure, which is supported by thin, reflective steel columns.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" data-attachment-id=\"7304\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/phillips_exeter_academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7304\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_library_atrium_cross_beams_closeup-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Louis Kahn, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phillips_Exeter_Academy_Library\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Phillips Exeter Academy Library<\/strong><\/a>, 1971. Kahn revives the expression of mass in architecture but with lightness remaining. Massive cross beams in the atrium diffuse the light from above.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"7305\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/1382px-disney_concert_hall_by_carol_highsmith_edit2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1382,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Carol M. Highsmith Photography, Inc.&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2-1024x800.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2-1024x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7305\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2-1024x800.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2-768x600.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1382px-Disney_Concert_Hall_by_Carol_Highsmith_edit2.jpg 1382w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Frank Gehry,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gehry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Disney Hall<\/strong><\/a>, 2003, uses flowing form and reflective titanium to suggest weightlessness.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Inventing_laws\"><\/span>Inventing laws<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Of course, artists can invent a set of physical laws. An artist needs to invent or adapt a set of physical laws for his or her world. Whether real or surreal, what gives <em>that<\/em> world the same magic we see in our own is a deep understanding of the surprises that material is capable of within a consistent physical world. That world might be a complete fabrication of the artist&#8217;s mind. But it&#8217;s always subconsciously evaluated by the spectator in relation to our world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Ren\u00e9 Magritte,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bertc.com\/g9\/magritte12.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>The Castle of the Pyrenees<\/strong><\/a>, 1959<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"675\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7306\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/rene-magritte-the-castle-of-the-pyrenees\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"791,1200\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees-675x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees-675x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees-675x1024.jpg 675w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees-768x1165.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees-300x455.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Rene-Magritte-The-Castle-of-the-Pyrenees.jpg 791w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The longer a 3D artist practices the craft, the more he or she needs to observe the material world deeply. Next time you want to model stone, don&#8217;t look at a picture. Pick it up. Feel it. Carve it. Shine several kinds of light on it. <strong><em>This kind of understanding is tactile and concrete, not abstract.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stories_in_material\"><\/span>Stories in material<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A final note on the deep resonances material associations have with culture, history, personal encounters, and relationships to place:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7307\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/76-2553-136_ph\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"943,1280\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"76.2553.136_ph\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph-754x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph-754x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph-754x1024.jpg 754w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph-768x1042.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph-300x407.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/76.2553.136_ph.jpg 943w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Julio Gonz\u00e1lez,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28sculptor%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Monsieur Cactus<\/strong><\/a>,&nbsp;1939<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gonz\u00e1lez was a pioneer of welding construction in sculpture, but for him, there was a message in the use of the material:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>The age of iron began many centuries ago by producing very beautiful objects, unfortunately, for a large part, arms. Today, it provides as well, bridges and railroads. It is time this metal ceased to be a murderer and the simple instrument of a super-mechanical science. Today the door is wide open for this material to be, at last, forged and hammered by the peaceful hands of an artist&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/serdar-hizli-art.com\/modern_art_masters\/cubism_during_1930s.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Modern Art Masters website<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"813\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"7308\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/water-tower\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower.png\" data-orig-size=\"1122,1414\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"water-tower\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower-813x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower-813x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower-813x1024.png 813w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower-238x300.png 238w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower-768x968.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower-300x378.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/water-tower.png 1122w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 813px) 100vw, 813px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Rachel Whiteread,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.moma.org\/collection\/browse_results.php?object_id=82016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Water Tower<\/strong><\/a>, 1998<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><strong>Water Tower<\/strong>, a translucent resin cast of the interior of a 12&#8217;2&#8243; high by 9&#8242; wide wooden water tank, was raised 7 stories to rest upon the steel tower frame of a SoHo rooftop. Water Tower was visible from street level at the corner of West Broadway and Grand Street&#8230; it was described by the artist as a &#8220;jewel in the Manhattan skyline.&#8221; On a cloudy day, the weathered surface of the original tank&#8217;s interior was visible, providing a ghostly form. In bright sunlight the translucent resin became a beacon of refracted light, and at night the unlit sculpture disappeared against the darkened sky. Poetic yet incongruous, Whiteread&#8217;s <strong>Water Tower<\/strong> powerfully represented a need for public sculpture to be physically present yet ephemeral.<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.publicartfund.org\/pafweb\/projects\/98\/whiteread_98.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Public Art Fund website<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"876\" data-attachment-id=\"7311\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/tara_donovan_pins\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"730,876\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"tara_donovan_pins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins.jpg 730w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/tara_donovan_pins-300x360.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Tara Donovan,<strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.barbarakrakowgallery.com\/tara-donovan-drawings-sculptures-exhibition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Untitled (Pins)<\/a><\/strong>, 2003<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>More than four decades later, Minimalism remains one of the primary modes of operation in the art world. And over the past couple of years, the ICA&#8217;s big solo-artist surveys have catalogued its permutations&#8230; It wasn&#8217;t hard to spot descendants of Smith&#8217;s <strong>Die<\/strong>. Donovan&#8217;s show included a gravity-defying cube of straight pins&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This is a kinder, gentler, more crowd-pleasing Minimalism. The shift in tone is partly just what happens when people fiddle with the same idea for four decades. But some of it has to be credited to &#8217;70s Feminism&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/thephoenix.com\/boston\/arts\/97506-cube-root\/#ixzz1BUkvz95d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Boston Phoenix<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"580\" data-attachment-id=\"7312\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981-jpglarge\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"750,580\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge.jpg 750w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/to-reflect-an-intimate-part-of-the-red-1981.jpgLarge-300x232.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Anish Kapoor, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.asianartnewspaper.com\/article\/anish-kapoor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>To Reflect an Intimate Part of the Red<\/strong><\/a>, 1981<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>Red is a colour I&#8217;ve felt very strongly about. Maybe red is a very Indian colour, maybe it&#8217;s one of those things that I grew up with and recognise at some other level. Of course, it is the colour of the interior of our bodies. Red is the centre.<\/em><\/p>\n<cite>\u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.anishkapoor.com\/writing\/johntusa.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AnishKapoor.com<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol class=\"footnotes\"><li id=\"footnote_1_7097\" class=\"footnote\">Kahn, Louis. &#8220;Lecture at Pratt Institute (1973).&#8221; In Twombly, Robert, ed. Louis Kahn: essential texts. W. W. Norton. 2003. p. 275.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_1_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_2_7097\" class=\"footnote\">  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/2857478_Color_as_a_Material_not_an_Optical_Property\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/2857478_Color_as_a_Material_not_an_Optical_Property<\/a> <span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_2_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_3_7097\" class=\"footnote\">H. Tamura, S. Mori, and T. Yamawaki. &#8220;Texture features corresponding to visual perception.&#8221; IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Vol. SMC-8, No. 6. 1978. pp. 460 &#8211; 473.<span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_3_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><li id=\"footnote_4_7097\" class=\"footnote\"><a href=\"http:\/\/graphics.ucsd.edu\/~henrik\/images\/subsurf.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/graphics.ucsd.edu\/~henrik\/images\/subsurf.html<\/a><span class=\"footnote-back-link-wrapper\">[<a href=\"#identifier_4_7097\" class=\"footnote-link footnote-back-link\">&#8617;<\/a>]<\/span><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>30-minute read Light and material &#8230; all material in nature \u2014 it being, as I said before, the mountains and the streams and the air and we \u2014 are made of light which has been spent. And this crumpled mass called material casts a shadow. And the shadow belongs to light. So light is really&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"[]"},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paralleluniverses"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CHAPTER 12 | Expressions of Material - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter 12 Expressions of Material: Light, color, and texture in relation to modeling material, both technically and phenomenologically.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CHAPTER 12 | Expressions of Material - 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