{"id":3308,"date":"2023-08-24T18:56:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-24T18:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=3308"},"modified":"2025-08-07T12:01:41","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T12:01:41","slug":"collage-in-art-and-fabrication","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/","title":{"rendered":"Collage in art and fabrication"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/fabbing\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"20\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/arthead_loopsm\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/arthead_loopsm.gif\" data-orig-size=\"300,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"arthead_loopsm\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/arthead_loopsm.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/arthead_loopsm.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/fabbing\/\">Fabbing<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/3d-4d-implied-motion\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"750\" data-attachment-id=\"333\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/fabbing\/planetovolume\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"750,750\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1462465345&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"planeToVolume\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-333\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume.jpg 750w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/planeToVolume-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/3d-4d-implied-motion\/\">3D-4D | implied motion<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"472\" height=\"472\" data-attachment-id=\"2184\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/exquisite-corpse\/picasso_collage\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png\" data-orig-size=\"472,472\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"picasso_collage\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2184\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png 472w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong>collage<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f155566793a\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f155566793a\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Collage_and_montage_in_art\" >Collage and montage in art<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Cubists_and_Dadaists\" >Cubists and Dadaists<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Sculptural_methods\" >Sculptural methods<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Sculptural_modes_in_our_project\" >Sculptural modes in our project<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Low_and_high_relief\" >Low and high relief<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Louise_Nevelson\" >Louise Nevelson<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/#Translating_Nevelsons_forms_to_implied_motion_modeling_operations\" >Translating Nevelson&#8217;s forms to implied motion modeling operations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"472\" height=\"472\" data-attachment-id=\"2184\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/exquisite-corpse\/picasso_collage\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png\" data-orig-size=\"472,472\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"picasso_collage\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2184\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage.png 472w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/picasso_collage-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-caning,<\/em><br><em>collage-montage, 1912<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Collage_and_montage_in_art\"><\/span>Collage and montage in art<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s explore the idea of collage and montage in art, after which you\u2019ll create a physical collage using 3D modeling. We&#8217;ll see how a collage approach to art is not necessarily limited to cutting and pasting paper. And we&#8217;ll discover how one artist in particular, Louise Nevelson, pioneered a collage approach to sculpture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the origin of this way of thinking first appears in the 2D world. Let&#8217;s turn the clock a half-century before Nevelson&#8217;s signature work appears.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cubists_and_Dadaists\"><\/span>Cubists and Dadaists<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>We\u2019ve bumped into collage several times in our projects and our texts. To work on your sculpture, it will be useful to know a bit more about its place in Twentieth&nbsp;Century art. Critics widely regard&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cubism#Synthetic_Cubism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Synthetic Cubism<\/a>&nbsp;as the first flowering of this methodology. While Pablo Picasso gets the credit for the invention of collage with his&nbsp;<strong>Still Life with Chair-caning<\/strong>, a particular driving force behind it was&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Braque\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Georges Braque<\/a>. He invented a kind of collage known as&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papier_coll%C3%A9\">papier coll\u00e9<\/a>&nbsp;in 1912.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"366\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"2734\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/exquisite-corpse-drawing-as-collage\/braque\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/braque.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"366,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"braque\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/braque.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/braque.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/braque.jpg 366w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/braque-220x300.jpg 220w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/braque-300x410.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Georges Braque,&nbsp;Fruit Dish and Glass, 1912<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"2736\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/exquisite-corpse-drawing-as-collage\/hoch\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hoch.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"266,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"hoch\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hoch.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hoch.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hoch.jpg 266w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hoch-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Hannah H\u00f6ch, Grotesque, 1963<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"484\" data-attachment-id=\"2735\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/exquisite-corpse-drawing-as-collage\/hausmann\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hausmann.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"576,484\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"hausmann\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hausmann.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hausmann.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2735\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hausmann.jpg 576w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/hausmann-300x252.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Raoul Hausmann, Elasticum, 1920<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The next step was the reactionary photomontage work of Dada. Artists such as &nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hannah H\u00f6ch<\/a> and her partner&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raoul_Hausmann\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Raoul Hausmann<\/a>&nbsp;refused to play the role of artist by playing with refuse. Read a rich and brief history of Dada photomontage at the website Cut and Paste (captured at the Wayback Machine). Read the introductory text about the 1920s, and look at the four artists listed there: Hanna and Raoul, as well as John Heartfield and Kurt Schwitters. Altogether, it&#8217;s a less than 10-minute read.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But this is all paper: what does collage have to do with 3D work? Collage has more to do with a particular method and attitude toward material and its origins in &#8220;found stuff&#8221; than a dimensional expression. Does it matter whether that &#8220;found stuff&#8221; is paper or wood? Let&#8217;s place that question in the context of sculptural methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sculptural_methods\"><\/span>Sculptural methods<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p>Recall several means of making in sculptural praxis from earlier readings. Let&#8217;s revisit them with samples you&#8217;ve seen to refresh your memory:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Additive<\/strong>&nbsp;| Exemplified by building up a mass like clay, but also typified by the process of 3D printing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Subtractive<\/strong>&nbsp;| Typical of carving, or subtracting, material from a block of stone or wood, but also demonstrated in CNC milling and routing (which is the tool for our project!).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Assembly<\/strong>&nbsp;| Gluing, nailing, or otherwise fastening discrete objects together, it is in the Assembly process that we see a&nbsp;<strong>collage<\/strong>&nbsp;sensibility emerge in sculpture. This can be done conceptually in 3D modeling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Substitution<\/strong>&nbsp;| Substituting one material (say, the clay from above) with a more durable one (say, bronze metal) is one strategy found in mold-making. But the transformation of material states can also imply an expression of&nbsp;<strong>abstraction<\/strong>\u2014simplifying a form into the essence of its mass by unifying its material.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The project we&#8217;re exploring now touches in ways both direct and indirect on all four of these methodological classes, so let&#8217;s explore how&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"374\" data-attachment-id=\"3309\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/4946370534_63d64175ef\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4946370534_63d64175ef.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,374\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4946370534_63d64175ef\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4946370534_63d64175ef.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4946370534_63d64175ef.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4946370534_63d64175ef.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4946370534_63d64175ef-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Additive<\/strong>: Anish Kapoor,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.factum-arte.com\/eng\/artistas\/kapoor\/greyman_cries.asp\">Greyman Cries, Shaman Dies, Billowing Smoke, Beauty Evoked<\/a>,&nbsp;2009. This work combines concrete with large-scale 3D printing.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"480\" data-attachment-id=\"3310\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/4947091310_24125dbbb3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4947091310_24125dbbb3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"387,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4947091310_24125dbbb3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4947091310_24125dbbb3.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4947091310_24125dbbb3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4947091310_24125dbbb3.jpg 387w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4947091310_24125dbbb3-242x300.jpg 242w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4947091310_24125dbbb3-300x372.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Subtractive<\/strong>:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lindsayrgwatt.com\/archives\/old_blog\/17_Another_Art_Day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marc Newson<\/a>, chair CNC-milled from a single block of marble, 2007.<br>This work combines digital fabrication with traditional stone carving and is related to the way we&#8217;ll work on our CNC router.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"499\" data-attachment-id=\"3311\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/5026080270_c74b95930d\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5026080270_c74b95930d.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"333,499\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5026080270_c74b95930d\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5026080270_c74b95930d.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5026080270_c74b95930d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5026080270_c74b95930d.jpg 333w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5026080270_c74b95930d-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5026080270_c74b95930d-300x450.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Assembly<\/strong>: Pablo Picasso,&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/wallyg\/2382920053\/in\/photostream\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Guitar<\/a><em>, 1914. The finished work is an assembly combining sheet metal and wire. Can you see the formal connection between this work and Synthetic Cubism?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"407\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"3312\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"407,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4944893412_16c89d90a6-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1.jpg 407w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4944893412_16c89d90a6-1-300x369.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Substitution<\/strong>: Rachel Whiteread,&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/adventcalendar\/2007\/artist18.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Untitled (Stairs)<\/a><em>, 2001. A common space, which we have all experienced before, is cast at its true size. The monolithic material, combined with the rotation of orientation, serves to abstract its expression.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sculptural_modes_in_our_project\"><\/span>Sculptural modes in our project<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We will be generating individual objects in our work by modeling <strong>additively<\/strong>. In 3D modeling, we&#8217;ll add mass to a form by building up from a simple shape. In our first exercise, using a 2D sketch as a parametric basis, we&#8217;ll generate form through acts of <strong>extrusion<\/strong>, <strong>rotation<\/strong>, <strong>sweeping<\/strong> a sketch along a path, and <strong>lofting<\/strong>. These operations create an <strong>additive<\/strong> mass at the same time they <strong>imply motion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We will be fabricating <strong>subtractively<\/strong>, using the CNC router to carve out a block of material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We will take the individual objects modeled above and <strong>assemble<\/strong> them into a layered, mass-and-void composition. This will be inspired by the work of Louise Nevelson. Her collage sensibility in sculpture will be introduced below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, the object we will fabricate is a mold used to <strong>substitute<\/strong> a physical 3D object from a digital 3D model. Time constraints may not permit us to perform an actual casting during the studio. However, we&#8217;ll discuss the process for using the mold to cast your form in plaster or resin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Low_and_high_relief\"><\/span>Low and high relief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In Chapter 5 of&nbsp;<strong>parallelUniverses<\/strong>, we were introduced to a volumetric expression known as&nbsp;<strong>relief<\/strong>&nbsp;work. Recall, using samples from that chapter, the distinction between&nbsp;<strong>bas relief<\/strong>&nbsp;(or low relief) and&nbsp;<strong>high relief<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"446\" data-attachment-id=\"3315\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"450,446\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5030030792_63eb1d19fd\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd.jpg 450w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030030792_63eb1d19fd-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Bas relief<\/strong>&nbsp;(at left):&nbsp;<em>Ben Nicholson, <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationalgalleries.org\/collection\/online_az\/4:322\/result\/0\/730?initial=N&amp;artistId=3627&amp;artistName=Ben%20Nicholson&amp;submit=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Painted Relief (Plover&#8217;s Egg Blue)<\/a><em>, 1940<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"436\" data-attachment-id=\"3316\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,436\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5030031000_c6d4f9c7ca-300x262.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>High relief&nbsp;<\/strong>(above): Robert Longo,<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/ag\/FineArtDetail.asp?G=&amp;gid=0&amp;which=&amp;aid=10701&amp;wid=425995377&amp;print=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Corporate Wars<\/a><em>, 1982<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicholson&#8217;s more restrained work feels like a painting, but shadows belie the changes of plane activating the composition spatially. Longo&#8217;s work seems to want to burst out of the wall into full, freestanding form. However, it is still intended to be seen from a privileged point of view in the manner of a painting. If you could walk behind it (and you can&#8217;t as it&#8217;s wall-mounted), all you would see is a blank plane that contributes nothing to the active frontal composition \u2014 which, incidentally, oozes a strong sense of implied motion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s go a bit deeper into this kind of work by exploring an artist who combines Nicholson&#8217;s sense of abstraction with Longo&#8217;s sense of active motion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Louise_Nevelson\"><\/span>Louise Nevelson<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartstory.org\/artist\/nevelson-louise\/#nav\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read Nevelson&#8217;s biography at The Art Story<\/a><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Louise Nevelson is the artistic patron saint for this project.\u00a0An immigrant from Russia whose family fled religious persecution, she made enduring contributions to American culture as an artist whose work won the accolades of critics. She did this as she broke down barriers to women in the &#8220;boys&#8217; club&#8221; of art in mid-twentieth-century New York. She inspired generations of women artists from Eva Hesse to Rachel Whiteread with her ability to abstract form at a monumental scale using humble materials.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"3320\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/atmos_n_environ_xii\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"798,1198\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Atmos_n_Environ_XII\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII-682x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII-768x1153.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII-300x450.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Atmos_n_Environ_XII.jpg 798w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Louise Nevelson,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Atmosphere and Environment XII<\/a>, 1970. Installed at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Nevelson was a pack rat. She collected old wood and architectural elements from demolished buildings, recycling them by collaging finials, medallions, scraps, and fragments of carvings into boxes. She would then unify them by abstracting them into a uniform color and finishing through paint. This was usually black as we see in\u00a0<em>Luminous Zag<\/em>. But sometimes she&#8217;d break out the white \u2014 or even gold, as seen in\u00a0Royal Tide. She&#8217;s possibly evoking the spiritual majesty of a particular historical relief work: Ghiberti&#8217;s Gates of Paradise on the Baptistery in Florence, Italy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"870\" height=\"517\" data-attachment-id=\"3323\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/nevelson_zag\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/nevelson_zag.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"870,517\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"nevelson_zag\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/nevelson_zag.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/nevelson_zag.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/nevelson_zag.jpg 870w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/nevelson_zag-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/nevelson_zag-768x456.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Above<\/strong>: Louise Nevelson,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.guggenheim.org\/artwork\/3225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Luminous Zag<\/a>, 1971. Suggesting time and motion, the Guggenheim Museum writes:&nbsp;&#8220;A complicated rhythmic pattern, suggesting a fuguelike musical composition, is created by the play of vertical and horizontal zigzags..<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"976\" data-attachment-id=\"3319\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/paradise700\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/paradise700.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"700,976\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"paradise700\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/paradise700.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/paradise700.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/paradise700.jpg 700w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/paradise700-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/paradise700-300x418.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>East Doors,&nbsp;The Gates of Paradise, Lorenzo Ghiberti, commissioned 1424<br><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"565\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2044\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/looking-glass\/louise-nevelson-royal-tide-i-1960\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1059,1920\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-565x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-565x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-565x1024.jpg 565w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-165x300.jpg 165w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-768x1392.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-847x1536.jpg 847w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960-300x544.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Louise-Nevelson-Royal-Tide-I-1960.jpg 1059w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Right<\/strong>:&nbsp;Louise Nevelson,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.studiointernational.com\/index.php\/louise-nevelson-the-artist-and-the-legend\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Royal Tide I<\/a>, 1960<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-attachment-id=\"3321\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/gates-of-paradise-6-by-kirstie-warner\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Gates-of-Paradise-6-by-Kirstie-Warner-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Detail, East Doors<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"3322\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/d7hftxdivxxvm-cloudfront\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront.webp\" data-orig-size=\"533,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront.webp 533w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront-300x450.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Detail, Royal Tide I<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Translating_Nevelsons_forms_to_implied_motion_modeling_operations\"><\/span>Translating Nevelson&#8217;s forms to implied motion modeling operations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you look closely at one of the &#8220;cells&#8221; of a Nevelson work, you begin to see the turned wood objects that recall the&nbsp;<strong>Revolve<\/strong>&nbsp;function in Fusion 360, or the end stock of round wood cylinders that might invoke an&nbsp;<strong>Extrusion<\/strong>. You might see snaking, linear wood detail that might suggest the&nbsp;<strong>Sweep<\/strong>&nbsp;of a plane along a curving path. Or you may encounter a random, blobby shape that could only be reproduced through a&nbsp;<strong>Loft<\/strong>. We&#8217;ll learn about these in one of our exercises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But, of course, while we see plenty of evidence of\u00a0<strong>Assembly<\/strong>\u00a0in this high-relief work, how about\u00a0<strong>Substitution<\/strong>\u00a0through casting? Not so much. So, although Nevelson is the inspiration for our work, we have to go through a process of translating her formal language into one that can support the development of a mold that will respect the inherent limitations of casting. To do this, we&#8217;ll learn in a second exercise how to avoid the\u00a0problems that might plague a mold taken right off of a cell in one of Nevelson&#8217;s installations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fabbing 3D-4D | implied motion collage Collage and montage in art Let\u2019s explore the idea of collage and montage in art, after which you\u2019ll create a physical collage using 3D modeling. We&#8217;ll see how a collage approach to art is not necessarily limited to cutting and pasting paper. And we&#8217;ll discover how one artist in&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fabbing","category-references"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Collage in art and fabrication - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Collage in art and fabrication: from Cubism and Dadaism to Louise Nevelson, we trace connections between collage and sculpture.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/collage-in-art-and-fabrication\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Collage in art and fabrication - 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