{"id":2657,"date":"2023-08-13T14:00:32","date_gmt":"2023-08-13T14:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=2657"},"modified":"2024-03-17T15:24:41","modified_gmt":"2024-03-17T15:24:41","slug":"prototyping","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/","title":{"rendered":"Prototyping"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/praxis\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"219\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/muybridge_skeleton_translg5\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/muybridge_skeleton_translg5.gif\" data-orig-size=\"400,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"muybridge_skeleton_translg5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/muybridge_skeleton_translg5.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/muybridge_skeleton_translg5.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-219\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/praxis\/\">Praxis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2658\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/shoe-guston\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1332,1332\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shoe-guston\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2658\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston.jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong>4 | prototyping<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f13ebfab7f8\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f13ebfab7f8\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#The_work_that_makes_the_work_work\" >The work that makes the work work<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Five_percent\" >Five percent<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Embracing_failure\" >Embracing failure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Completion_is_better_than_perfection\" >Completion is better than perfection<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#The_power_of_prototyping\" >The power of prototyping<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Types_of_prototypes\" >Types of prototypes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Sketches\" >Sketches<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Diagrams\" >Diagrams<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Concept_Art\" >Concept Art<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Blue-lining_under-drawing\" >Blue-lining, under-drawing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Models\" >Models<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Rapid_prototypes_digital_fabrication\" >Rapid prototypes (digital fabrication)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Storyboarding_and_animatics\" >Storyboarding and animatics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Shot_Design\" >Shot Design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Cartooning_and_modelli\" >Cartooning and modelli<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#Wireframes_and_site_maps\" >Wireframes and site maps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#UIUX_mockups_and_prototypes\" >UI\/UX mockups and prototypes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/#More_sources\" >More sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2658\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/shoe-guston\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1332,1332\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shoe-guston\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2658\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoe-guston.jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Phillip Guston, Shoes, 1980<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_work_that_makes_the_work_work\"><\/span>The work that makes the work <em>work<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"342\" data-attachment-id=\"2100\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/project-statement\/workflow1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1.png\" data-orig-size=\"3154,1054\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"WORKFLOW1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-1024x342.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-1024x342.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-1024x342.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-768x257.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-1536x513.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/WORKFLOW1-2048x684.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the most misunderstood part of art and design praxis is <strong>prototyping<\/strong>: the work that goes into making your work <em>work<\/em>. What does that mean?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Five_percent\"><\/span>Five percent<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This anecdote, which <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Reed_(artist)\">Robert Reed<\/a> told us in grad school, may be instructive. Robert described the artist Phillip Guston, perhaps best known for his idiosyncratic late work, reacting to a question. Guston, you see, was prolific. He would draw <em>hundreds<\/em> of drawings of some kind of mundane object, a shoe. Piles <em>and piles <strong>and piles<\/strong><\/em> of drawings of a shoe. One scoffing individual asked about one of these: &#8220;How long did it take you to draw this?&#8221; in a skeptical tone. Guston&#8217;s droll reply: &#8220;Twenty minutes&#8230; or maybe twenty years.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, very little of the artist or designer&#8217;s work is actually seen! To get to the position of making &#8220;finished&#8221; work that <em>works<\/em>, the never-ending cycles of sketching, modeling, observing, distilling, digesting, testing, iterating, destroying, rebuilding, destroying again, and rebuilding again mostly happen unseen, in the studio, the sketchbook, or the trial balloons that are floated and abandoned. Maybe your audience sees 5% of the work you do. The rest is prototyping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Embracing_failure\"><\/span>Embracing failure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Another anecdote, this time from the Renaissance, helps us embrace the idea of constructive failure that often lurks in prototyping.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the late 15th century B.C.E., the techniques of painting developed at that time were the new media of their day. Leonardo da Vinci, the famed creator of <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Last Supper<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, favored either egg tempera or the relatively new medium of oil paint. When he was commissioned to paint the mural, he ignored the traditional use of fresco, a proven method of permanent painting on walls, instead using the riskier tempera technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Humidity in the wall took its toll almost immediately. Finished in 1498, the paint was flaking off the walls less than 20 years later, even before Leonardo&#8217;s death. Ham-handed restoration in oils did not go well in the 18th century. By the 1970s the painting looked like this:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"509\" data-attachment-id=\"2661\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/leonardo_da_vinci_-_ultima_cena_-_ca_1975\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,509\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Ultima_cena_-_ca_1975-768x391.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-8<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>He learned from this mistake. When he tried a large-scale mural again, in 1505, he abandoned tempera. However, instead of using tried-and-true fresco techniques, he gave oil painting a try, with even more disastrous results! He had to abandon the work on <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/artanddesign\/2012\/mar\/12\/art-historians-hidden-leonardo-da-vinci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Battle of Anghiari<\/a><\/strong><\/em> before it was complete. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There&#8217;s no debate that Leonardo was a genius. Yet, in the search for a new vision of painting, he failed again <em>and again<\/em>. Such is the price of taking risks. And if a genius like Leonardo is willing to risk failure&#8230; well at least this makes me feel better about my own!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We should embrace failure, or at least the risk of failure, as a constructive learning event!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Completion_is_better_than_perfection\"><\/span>Completion is better than perfection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ll conclude with a story about Marcel Duchamp&#8217;s masterpiece, <em><strong>The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even<\/strong><\/em>, a work also known as <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Bride_Stripped_Bare_by_Her_Bachelors,_Even\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Large Glass<\/a><\/strong><\/em>. Duchamp worked on this project from 1915 until he abandoned it in 1923.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>He decided it was no longer purposeful to continue work on the Glass when, after showing it as a work in progress, it was returned to him in a crate, busted into shards. After meticulously putting this lethal jigsaw puzzle back together, and sandwiching it in a glass and aluminum frame, he declared the piece &#8220;definitively unfinished&#8221; in a delicious, Duchampian paradox. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The moral of this story: Duchamp understood that completion was better than perfection. He could choose to continue working and working for the rest of his life, or he could allow fate to finish it for him. He wisely chose the latter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"548\" height=\"548\" data-attachment-id=\"2202\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/variations\/largeprint\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"548,548\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"largePrint\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint.jpg 548w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/largePrint-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The Large Glass in situ at the Philadelphia Museum of Art<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_power_of_prototyping\"><\/span>The power of prototyping<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>However, trickster that he was, Duchamp wasn&#8217;t quite done with this subject. Many are unaware that the long title of The Glass is <em>also<\/em> the title for another work, which also has a shorter title: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Bride_Stripped_Bare_by_Her_Bachelors,_Even#The_Green_Box\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Green Box<\/a><\/strong>. This 1934 edition is a collection of reproduced preparatory notes, sketches, diagrams, and photos of preliminary studies, encased in a green box emblazoned with <em>La mari\u00e9e mise<\/em>&nbsp;\u00e0&nbsp;<em>nu par ses c\u00e9libataires<\/em>, the French version of the full title.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"786\" height=\"488\" data-attachment-id=\"2663\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/duchamp_green_box\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Duchamp_Green_Box.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"786,488\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;iPhone SE (2nd generation)&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1630153071&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.99&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;320&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.033333333333333&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Duchamp_Green_Box\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Duchamp_Green_Box.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Duchamp_Green_Box.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2663\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Duchamp_Green_Box.jpg 786w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Duchamp_Green_Box-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Duchamp_Green_Box-768x477.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The Green Box on view at the Philadelphia Museum of Art<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The box is one instance where an artist decided to reveal that 95% of work ordinarily <em>not<\/em> seen by audiences, in fact making the prototype for the Large Glass into a new work itself. The work you do in your process journal or blog is not unlike Duchamp&#8217;s box.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_prototypes\"><\/span>Types of prototypes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"342\" data-attachment-id=\"2126\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/heuristics\/iteration1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1.png\" data-orig-size=\"3154,1054\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"iteration1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-1024x342.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-1024x342.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2126\" style=\"width:200px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-1024x342.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-768x257.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-1536x513.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/iteration1-2048x684.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<p>As your project develops, consider what kinds of prototypes you need to create to get closer to the thing inside your head:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sketches\"><\/span>Sketches<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Sketching is the basic building block of all prototyping and most of the examples that follow probably had their first iteration as a sketch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A sketchbook allows you to observe the world in a safe place untouched by social media or digital reproduction, and they also allow you to test a far-fetched idea without pre-judgment. It&#8217;s a reminder to <em>show up<\/em>, be present in the now, and maybe even take time away from the demands of software. Instead of pulling out your phone, pull out your sketchbook!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sketching is a low-risk, high-reward prototyping activity that allows you to see the evolution of your thinking.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"653\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"2680\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/boris\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/boris.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"653,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"boris\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/boris.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/boris.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/boris.jpg 653w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/boris-245x300.jpg 245w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/boris-300x368.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 653px) 100vw, 653px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"510\" height=\"427\" data-attachment-id=\"2678\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/robotconcept\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/robotconcept.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"510,427\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;ScanJet 7400&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1327417256&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"robotconcept\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/robotconcept.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/robotconcept.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/robotconcept.jpg 510w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/robotconcept-300x251.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"461\" data-attachment-id=\"2679\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/turtle\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/turtle.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"580,461\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;ScanJet 7400&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1352803307&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"turtle\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/turtle.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/turtle.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/turtle.jpg 580w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/turtle-300x238.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diagrams\"><\/span>Diagrams<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A diagram is a way of making non-visual things visual. Examples of diagrams include <b>mind maps<\/b>, flowcharts, hierarchies, causality (think family trees), and networks, also known as Lombardi diagrams. These were named in honor of&nbsp;Mark Lombardi, a Neo-Conceptual visual artist whose work asked uncomfortable questions about the abuse of power by financiers and politicians. He called these diagram-infused artworks&nbsp;Narrative Structures&nbsp;\u2014 were he still alive, one can only imagine the bizarrely baroque narrative structures Lombardi would have created&nbsp;based on Trumpian shenanigans! Such a feat has&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/graph-commons\/the-trump-network-8610c92035fb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">been attempted here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\" data-attachment-id=\"2676\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/lombardi_2_body\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lombardi_2_body.webp\" data-orig-size=\"1024,770\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lombardi_2_body\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lombardi_2_body.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lombardi_2_body.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lombardi_2_body.webp 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lombardi_2_body-300x226.webp 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/lombardi_2_body-768x578.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Mark Lombardi,&nbsp;<strong>Oliver North, Lake Resources of Panama, and the Iran-Contra Operation<\/strong>, ca. 1984-86 (fourth version, 1999 |&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bombmagazine.org\/articles\/mark-lombardi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Reprinted in a read-worthy critical article at Bomb Magazine<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concept_Art\"><\/span>Concept Art<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Concept art is a visual design for something that does not exist yet.&nbsp;Film, animation, video game development, and industrial design are a few of the fields where&nbsp;concept art is a necessary prototyping tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hardcore fans of <em>Star Wars<\/em> know that almost every visual aspect of George Lucas&#8217; canon was created by concept artist&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.starwars.com\/news\/ralph-mcquarries-most-memorable-masterpieces\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ralph McQuarrie<\/a>. Lucas described it, but McQuarrie brought it to life. That is how powerful a prototyping process can be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Get a sense of the possible at <a href=\"https:\/\/conceptartworld.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ConceptArtWorld<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"478\" data-attachment-id=\"2682\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/mcq_ia_331\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,597\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"MCQ_IA_331\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331-1024x478.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331-1024x478.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331-1024x478.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331-768x358.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/MCQ_IA_331.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ralph McQuarrie,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.starwars.com\/news\/ralph-mcquarries-most-memorable-masterpieces\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Concept Art for Star Wars<\/a>, circa 1975<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blue-lining_under-drawing\"><\/span>Blue-lining, under-drawing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>In commercial art, we often see a pre-visualization of the final work. Known as blue-lining, it takes its name from the physical process of laying out a drawing using a blue pencil which does not photographically transfer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This kind of under-drawing is an old tradition. Oil painters commonly draw in pencil or wash to establish the composition, then paint over it. This drawing is lost to history, though older paintings with fugitive pigments later reveal these drawings,  a phenomenon known as <em>pentimenti<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The digital artists have an advantage here, in that layering is something that can be turned off or re-ordered, revealing the process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"925\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"2684\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"925,576\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1.jpg 925w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ee8649b64ba65fd4551ca75e9f31c2bd1-768x478.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 925px) 100vw, 925px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Hanchey,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/hancheyart.blogspot.com\/2009\/11\/my-process-blue-pencil-rough-pencil-ink.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">art piece<\/a>&nbsp;demonstrating the iterative process of blue-lining, rough penciling, and inking, 2009<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"663\" data-attachment-id=\"2634\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mandala-of-the-elements\/2018_cromar_w_mandala\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1656\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018_cromar_w_mandala\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-1024x663.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-1024x663.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2634\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-1536x994.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-2048x1325.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"663\" data-attachment-id=\"2633\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mandala-of-the-elements\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1656\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-1024x663.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-1024x663.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-1536x994.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_cromar_w_mandala-geometry-2048x1325.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Models\"><\/span>Models<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>So much can be said about modeling as a prototyping tool, it&#8217;s probably better to defer to the titles in <strong>parallelUniverses<\/strong> under <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses\/#PART_1_%E2%80%94_Before_and_After_the_Computer\"><strong>Part I \u2014 Before and After the Computer<\/strong><\/a>, where you can explore the history of modeling, concepts of modeling, and the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suffice to say here that models can be physical or digital, low-fidelity or high-resolution, conceptual or working prototypes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"675\" data-attachment-id=\"340\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/paralleluniverses\/ch01_009-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"680,675\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch01_009-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1.jpg 680w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ch01_009-1-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Unknown artist,&nbsp;Model of a Shrine, Cyprus, 6th century B.C.E.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2689\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1536,2048\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4916285086_fc1d620b66_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o-768x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2689\" style=\"width:416px;height:554px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o-300x400.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4916285086_fc1d620b66_o.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Antoni Gaud\u00ed, funicular model, &nbsp;La Sagrada Familia, begun in 1888 to study the for-its-time radical structure.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe allowfullscreen width=\"640\" height=\"480\" loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/p3d.in\/e\/oXpsa+xray+spin+load\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p><em>williamCromar, model for ucello chalice, \u00a9 2022<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rapid_prototypes_digital_fabrication\"><\/span>Rapid prototypes (digital fabrication)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>From digital models, we can make physical objects through digital fabrication processes like 3D printing. These can range from formal studies through structural analysis to working prototypes made from assemblies using actual materials.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" data-attachment-id=\"8169\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-2-concepts-of-modeling\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1000,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"functional_prototype_5003554721_o\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/functional_prototype_5003554721_o-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>A working prototype for a remote<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2694\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/chalice01-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"1600,2133\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"chalice01-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-768x1024.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2694\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1-300x400.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/chalice01-1.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>williamCromar, ucello chalice, \u00a9 2022<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Storyboarding_and_animatics\"><\/span>Storyboarding and animatics<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A <strong>storyboard<\/strong> is a pre-visualization representation of the scenes and actions in a video or animation. Panels that represent framing and show how the action occurs often look like comics. Panels can be drawings, photographs, or even video clips. You can also include text notes for dialogue and sound direction. Many templates exist on the web, and there are even sketchbooks with pre-formatted 16:9 rectangles to keep the aspect ratio of your images in line with high-definition video.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An <strong>animatic<\/strong> is an animated storyboard, a series of images played in sequence, often with a soundtrack. It helps integrate non-visual aspects of a project like sound, shot design, and pacing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow aligncenter\" data-effect=\"slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_container swiper-container\"><ul class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_swiper-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1558\" height=\"1190\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-2670\" data-id=\"2670\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb1.png 1558w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb1-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb1-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb1-768x587.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb1-1536x1173.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1558px) 100vw, 1558px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1558\" height=\"1190\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-2671\" data-id=\"2671\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb2.png 1558w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb2-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb2-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb2-768x587.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb2-1536x1173.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1558px) 100vw, 1558px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1558\" height=\"1190\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-2672\" data-id=\"2672\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb3.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb3.png 1558w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb3-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb3-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb3-768x587.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb3-1536x1173.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1558px) 100vw, 1558px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1558\" height=\"1190\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-2673\" data-id=\"2673\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb4.png 1558w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb4-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb4-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb4-768x587.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb4-1536x1173.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1558px) 100vw, 1558px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_slide swiper-slide\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1558\" height=\"1190\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_image wp-image-2674\" data-id=\"2674\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb5.png 1558w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb5-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb5-1024x782.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb5-768x587.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/sb5-1536x1173.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1558px) 100vw, 1558px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-prev swiper-button-prev swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-next swiper-button-next swiper-button-white\" role=\"button\"><\/a><a aria-label=\"Pause Slideshow\" class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_button-pause\" role=\"button\"><\/a><div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-slideshow_pagination swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-white\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" data-attachment-id=\"2686\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/dune2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dune2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,420\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"dune2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dune2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dune2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dune2.jpg 600w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dune2-300x210.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Moebius, Storyboard for Alejandro Jodorowsky&#8217;s Dune, one of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/2014\/08\/moebius-storyboards-concept-art-for-jodorowskys-dune.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">greatest movies never made<\/a>, circa 1975<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Skinner Parcel Service_Storyboard\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6-tA97mWONc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shot_Design\"><\/span>Shot Design<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>From a storyboard emerges another kind of film prototype. Shot design is the blueprint for setting up relationships between and within individual scenes in a time-based narrative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The traditional shot design was a <strong>dope sheet<\/strong>, a kind of spreadsheet\u2014rows are time, expressed in frames. Columns are elements and instructions. We reserve the first column for frame numbering, and other columns keep track of individual elements or layers in traditional hand-drawn cel animation. The exact timing and positioning of elements are noted, frame by frame. The final column at the far right contains instructions for secondary movement\u2014camera pans, dollying, zooms\u2014and transitions like fading, dissolving, or quick cutting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Time-based programs like Animate, Premier, Audition, and Maya use the metaphor of the dope sheet as a familiar interface: the timeline, seen below right. If you turn a traditional dope sheet 90 degrees, you will see the similarity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern apps have sprung up that help auteurs do this diagrammatically.  Hollywood Camera Work&nbsp;<strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hollywoodcamerawork.com\/shot-designer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Shot Designer<\/a><\/strong><\/strong>&nbsp;is rapidly becoming an industry-standard tool that uses icons for cameras and elements, vectors for movement, lines for walls, placement for light, and imported images to generate a top view of a scene that will be very familiar to users of modeling programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a learning curve for&nbsp;<strong>Shot Designer<\/strong>, but not a steep one.&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hollywoodcamerawork.us\/sd_videos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Visit the tutorials<\/a>, and in a half hour, you are a director!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"841\" data-attachment-id=\"2699\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/dopesheet\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dopesheet.gif\" data-orig-size=\"623,841\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"dopesheet\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dopesheet.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dopesheet.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2699\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Traditional dope sheet<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"143\" data-attachment-id=\"2700\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/flash_interface\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/flash_interface.gif\" data-orig-size=\"438,143\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"flash_interface\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/flash_interface.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/flash_interface.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2700\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Digital timeline<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" data-attachment-id=\"2698\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/cameradiagram1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cameradiagram1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"300,168\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cameradiagram1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cameradiagram1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cameradiagram1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2698\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Simple vector dragging and familiar icons make shot design intuitive<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" data-attachment-id=\"2701\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/storyboard1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/storyboard1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"300,168\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"storyboard1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/storyboard1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/storyboard1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2701\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The Shot List helps plan your project<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cartooning_and_modelli\"><\/span>Cartooning and modelli<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>No, not cartoons&#8230; cartooning is the creation of a work at a smaller scale, to be studied and scaled up to complete the final work. Large graphic works like murals are designed using a <em>cartoon<\/em>. If we speak of a 3D work, it is known as a <em>modello<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"726\" data-attachment-id=\"2702\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/560px-giovanni_battista_tiepolo_094\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"560,726\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2702\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094.jpg 560w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/560px-Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_094-300x389.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Cartoon by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo\">Tiepolo<\/a>, 26 x 21 in, for&nbsp;a 16-foot tall altarpiece&#8230;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"590\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2704\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/giovanni_battista_tiepolo_-_pope_st_clement_adoring_the_trinity_-_wga22266\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,1389\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266-590x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266-590x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266-590x1024.jpg 590w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266-173x300.jpg 173w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266-768x1333.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266-300x521.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo_-_Pope_St_Clement_Adoring_the_Trinity_-_WGA22266.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>&#8230;Pope St. Clement Adoring the Trinity, 1737-38<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wireframes_and_site_maps\"><\/span>Wireframes and site maps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>We use a <strong>wireframe<\/strong> to plan the features and navigation of a website. It provides an idea of the site&#8217;s functionality before developing content, color palette, or interactive elements. Think of it as a painter might think of an under-drawing, or an animator might think of a storyboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A website often involves more than one page in some kind of hierarchy. A <strong>site map<\/strong> can help design effective navigation at the wireframe level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>responsive design<\/strong>, plan multiple wireframes for desktop, tablet, and mobile views that are compositionally compatible with the device accessing the site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2707\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/artboard-1-100\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Artboard-1-100-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1530\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Artboard 1-100\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Artboard-1-100-1024x612.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Artboard-1-100.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2707\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UIUX_mockups_and_prototypes\"><\/span>UI\/UX mockups and prototypes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Beyond basic wireframing, a mockup of UI\/UX design elements for a website begins to address content and visual design, albeit in a static way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UI\/UX prototyping, on the other hand, introduces interactivity like clicking or tapping to navigate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/what-difference-between-wireframe-mockup-prototype-riana-butler\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">This LinkedIn article is a deeper dive<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"807\" data-attachment-id=\"2709\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/attachment\/1605199448091\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091.png\" data-orig-size=\"1615,1273\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"1605199448091\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091-1024x807.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091-1024x807.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091-1024x807.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091-300x236.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091-768x605.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091-1536x1211.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1605199448091.png 1615w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"More_sources\"><\/span>More sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/anthropology\/sites\/anthropology\/files\/SKPrototype.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">This paper at University College London<\/a> provides an interesting study of the relationship between art and industrial prototyping at the dawn of Modernism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Praxis 4 | prototyping The work that makes the work work Perhaps the most misunderstood part of art and design praxis is prototyping: the work that goes into making your work work. What does that mean? Five percent This anecdote, which Robert Reed told us in grad school, may be instructive. Robert described the artist&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exercises","category-praxis"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Prototyping - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Prototyping: the ethos of prototyping as applied to art and design, with a description of several types of prototyping your project may use.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/prototyping\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prototyping - 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