{"id":2433,"date":"2023-08-10T15:06:52","date_gmt":"2023-08-10T15:06:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=2433"},"modified":"2024-03-17T02:52:14","modified_gmt":"2024-03-17T02:52:14","slug":"digital-color","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital color"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/2d-digital-art\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"15\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/campfire300\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif\" data-orig-size=\"300,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"campfire300\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/2d-digital-art\/\">2D digital art<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mandala\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"445\" height=\"445\" data-attachment-id=\"73\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/2d-digital-art\/mandala\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala.png\" data-orig-size=\"445,445\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"mandala\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-73\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala.png 445w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/mandala-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 445px) 100vw, 445px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mandala\/\">3 | mandala<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"2161\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mandala\/digitalcolor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"digitalColor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2161\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong>digital color<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f1258536c9f\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f1258536c9f\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#One_million_colors\" >One million colors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Color_and_physics\" >Color and physics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Color_models_and_terminology\" >Color models and terminology<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Hue\" >Hue<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Saturation\" >Saturation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Value\" >Value<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Pure_value_scale\" >Pure value scale<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#The_problem_with_primaries\" >The problem with primaries<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Gamuts\" >Gamuts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Primaries_in_the_additive_and_subtractive_color_models\" >Primaries in the additive and subtractive color models<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Integrating_the_models_a_digital_color_wheel\" >Integrating the models: a digital color wheel<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#From_color_wheel_to_color_space\" >From color wheel to color space<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#The_HSV_color_space\" >The HSV color space<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Unpacking_the_HSV_cylinder\" >Unpacking the HSV cylinder<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#The_phenomenology_of_color\" >The phenomenology of color<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Color_and_the_illusion_of_space\" >Color and the illusion of space<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Warm_and_cool_push_and_pull\" >Warm and cool push and pull<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Phenomenal_transparency_and_layering\" >Phenomenal transparency and layering<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Palettes\" >Palettes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Monochrome_palette\" >Monochrome palette<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Analogous_palette\" >Analogous palette<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Complementary_palette\" >Complementary palette<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Upending_hierarchies_and_balance_with_color\" >Upending hierarchies and balance with color<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Color_creating_texture\" >Color creating texture<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Physical_texture\" >Physical texture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Visual_texture\" >Visual texture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#Implied_texture\" >Implied texture<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#For_more%E2%80%A6\" >For more&#8230;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d6\/1Mcolors.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"2161\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/mandala\/digitalcolor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"digitalColor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2161\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/digitalColor-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>One million colors<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"One_million_colors\"><\/span>One million colors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Click on the image above and it will take you to a full resolution of an image that contains one million individual colors.&nbsp;When viewed at full resolution (1000 pixels wide and high), the image contains one million pixels. By changing values incrementally for red, green, and blue, each pixel contains a unique color value. The human eye is sensitive enough to detect about 10 million colors. However, the number of colors possible is theoretically infinite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This exploration of color will place traditional color theory side by side with the computational realities of generating color. You&#8217;ll find out that much of what you think you know about color is &#8230; well, let&#8217;s just say there&#8217;s more to color than meets the eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Color_and_physics\"><\/span><strong>Color and physics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Color<\/a><\/strong> is a property of light. Our eyes perceive and distinguish different wavelengths of light. We categorize these by names such as red, green, blue, and other&nbsp;hues. Color is associated with material as well as light source, and the color is generated by the physical properties of the material such as light absorption, reflection, diffusion, and other optical properties. The nature of physical optics was revealed by Sir Isaac Newton in Opticks. His experiments with prismatic dispersion of light into the spectrum led to understanding one aspect of light as a wave phenomenon, with longer frequency waves yielding human sensations of reds, and shorter yielding violets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" data-attachment-id=\"2438\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/prism\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/prism.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,375\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"prism\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/prism.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/prism.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/prism.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/prism-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" data-attachment-id=\"2439\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/light_dispersion_conceptual_waves\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2439\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Color_models_and_terminology\"><\/span>Color models and terminology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The technical jargon used to describe color can be contradictory and confusing! This may be because perception of color is a subjective condition. These terms are often used without precision, yet even when they are precisely defined, their specific use depends on the color model being used. A <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Color_model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>color model<\/strong><\/a> is a mathematical description of the components of a color. Multiple color models exist, not because they compete with one another, but because each has proper use in a certain context. In our work, we will explore three kinds of models: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>additive<\/strong> model, known as <strong>RGB<\/strong> for <strong>R<\/strong>ed-<strong>G<\/strong>reen-<strong>B<\/strong>lue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>subtractive<\/strong> model, known as <strong>CMYK<\/strong> for <strong>C<\/strong>yan-<strong>M<\/strong>agenta-<strong>Y<\/strong>ellow-blac<strong>K<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and the&nbsp;<strong>HSV<\/strong>&nbsp;model, based on three properties of color known as&nbsp;<strong>H<\/strong>ue,&nbsp;<strong>S<\/strong>aturation,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>V<\/strong>alue. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Before we explore the models, let&#8217;s define those three terms from the HSV model a bit more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hue\"><\/span>Hue<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hue<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;is the degree by which we can distinguish one color wavelength name from another. The <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Commission_on_Illumination\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>International Commission on Illumination<\/strong><\/a> (abbreviated <strong>CIE<\/strong>) defines hue as \u201cthe degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red\">red<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green\">green<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue\">blue<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yellow\">yellow<\/a>.&#8221; These colors are singled out as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Primary_color#Psychological_primaries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">psychological primaries<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unique_hues\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">unique hues<\/a> that humans perceive to be irreducible. Other hues on the spectrum have names, to be sure&#8230; orange, violet, and so forth&#8230; but they are perceived as hues built from other hues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here we see a color triangle, similar to a color wheel, has been made from three of these primaries: red, yellow, and blue. This is known as the RYB color model, familiar to most people from kindergarten. Note the presence of a middle value gray in the center triangle, important for understanding <strong>saturation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"977\" data-attachment-id=\"2440\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/huescale01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01.png\" data-orig-size=\"1300,1240\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"huescale01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01-1024x977.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01-1024x977.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01-1024x977.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01-768x733.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/huescale01.png 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Saturation\"><\/span>Saturation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorfulness#Saturation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Saturation<\/a><\/strong> describes the amount or <strong>intensity<\/strong> of a hue present in a color. Synonyms in various color models include <strong>colorfulness<\/strong> and <strong>chroma<\/strong> <strong>purity<\/strong>. A red&#8217;s red contains the brightest possible hue at the narrowest possible wavelength with no presence of a value bias. That is, there is no white (tint) to pink it up or black (shade) to darken it down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To desaturate a color means to run, not <strong>around<\/strong> the periphery of the color triangle, but rather <strong>through<\/strong> it to reach the opposing color, known as its <strong>complement<\/strong>. In the RYB triangle above, note the complement for red is green. To desaturate the red, a painter will add green. When the two hues are balanced, a middle-value gray is achieved. While imperfections in pigments can bend this &#8220;gray&#8221; toward olive or some other tinted grayishness, good quality paint will achieve something very close, as seen in the center column in the painted study at left.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"410\" data-attachment-id=\"2441\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/saturation\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation.png\" data-orig-size=\"1300,520\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"saturation\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation-1024x410.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation-1024x410.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/saturation.png 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\" style=\"font-size:0.6rem\"><strong>Saturated<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:0.6rem\"><strong>Desaturated<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"font-size:0.6rem\"><strong>Saturated<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Value\"><\/span>Value<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We define <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lightness_%28color%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Value<\/a><\/strong> by the relative perceived lightness or darkness of a color. Depending on the color model, value is also known by the synonyms <strong>lightness<\/strong> or <strong>tone<\/strong>. Photoshop uses the term <strong>brightness<\/strong>. The term <strong>shading<\/strong> is also used, usually to describe subtle gradient manipulations of value in a drawing. Sadly, the lack of standard terminology makes this confusing. In this wiki, we always use the term value (except when talking Photoshop!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the painter&#8217;s study at left, the pure hue is found in the center column. Black is increasingly added toward the left to create <strong>shade<\/strong>. A maroon color is a shade of red. White is increasingly added to create <strong>tint<\/strong>. Pink is a tint of red.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"410\" data-attachment-id=\"2448\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/tonetint\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint.png\" data-orig-size=\"1300,520\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"tonetint\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint-1024x410.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint-1024x410.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint-1024x410.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/tonetint.png 1300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\" style=\"font-size:0.6rem\"><strong>Shade<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:0.6rem\"><strong>Pure Hue<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"font-size:0.6rem\"><strong>Tint<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pure_value_scale\"><\/span>Pure value scale<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>When we assess a value with no hue present, it essentially becomes a spectrum of gray values from white to black. This is a value scale or a <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grayscale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">grayscale<\/a><\/strong>. Note the interesting property of relativity demonstrated by using the middle value gray as a frame. Does it appear to change?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"606\" height=\"192\" data-attachment-id=\"2451\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/valuescale\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/valuescale.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"606,192\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"valuescale\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/valuescale.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/valuescale.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/valuescale.jpg 606w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/valuescale-300x95.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_problem_with_primaries\"><\/span>The problem with primaries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>From grade school, we are all familiar with primary colors&#8230; red, yellow, blue, right? The so-called secondary colors are mixtures of primaries. Red and blue mix to achieve violet, blue with yellow to get green, and yellow with red to find orange. If we bend a spectrum around to create a circle and stitch violet to red, we get the artist&#8217;s tool known as the <strong>color wheel<\/strong>.&nbsp;This is the traditional color model we know as <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RYB_color_model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RYB<\/a><\/strong> or <strong>R<\/strong>ed-<strong>Y<\/strong>ellow-<strong>B<\/strong>lue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Although every model has usefulness, in some ways the RYB model is as dangerous to a digital artist as flat-earth theory is to a sailor.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, we need to understand that the <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Primary_color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">primary color<\/a><\/strong> concept is not a fundamental physical property of light. Rather, it is based on the physiological response of human eyes to light. Human sight is <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichromatic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">trichromatic<\/a><\/strong>. We have receptors in our eyes that absorb light in three different frequency ranges. These combine to create the millions of colors we can perceive. The spectrum of hues is not itself made of mixtures, but are pure, discrete wavelengths. Primaries are a phenomenon of biology, not physics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gamuts\"><\/span>Gamuts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because we mix three colors in our eyes, we psychologically react to colors with the sense that some are irreducible. Now, the choice of any three primary colors is arbitrary, but some colors function better as primaries than others. The mixture of primaries creates what is known as a gamut:&nbsp;a useful, wide range of mixable colors. The larger the gamut, the more useful the set of primaries. The RYB model is very satisfying from a psychological standpoint, which is why it persists. However, RYB is not a useful set of primaries from a technical standpoint, because the gamut it creates is fairly small.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, how do we determine a <strong>good<\/strong> set of primaries? By studying how colors mix. There are two ways we know how colors can mix in the material world. We can mix colors by projecting colored lights, and we can mix them by mashing compounds like ink or paint together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Primaries_in_the_additive_and_subtractive_color_models\"><\/span>Primaries in the additive and subtractive color models<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When colored lights are combined, they mix to form a new color. When enough of the correct primaries are added together, they combine to form pure, white light. The light mixture is therefore known as an Additive color model. In an additive model, primaries that yield the largest gamut are red, green, and blue, making up the model known as <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RGB_color_model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RGB<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When we mix pigments, they form a new color as well. As we combine more pigments, they subtract the amount of light reflected off the white surface. A pigment mixture is therefore known as a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subtractive_color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Subtractive<\/strong><\/a> color model. The largest gamut we can achieve in a subtractive model uses cyan, magenta, and yellow as primaries, and we call it <strong>CMY<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s possible with very pure pigments to achieve a black. However, in most color mixing, an undertone of black pigment makes color mixing more economical. This adjusted model is known as <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CMYK_color_model\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>CMYK<\/strong><\/a>, with K standing for <strong>Key Black<\/strong>. In the four-color printing process, the black printing plate is the one used to line up, or&nbsp;key, the other plates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"382\" height=\"382\" data-attachment-id=\"2455\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/382px-byr_color_wheel-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"382,382\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg.png 382w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/382px-BYR_color_wheel.svg-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Traditional<\/strong><br>(but somewhat flawed)<br><strong>RYB model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2458\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/ryb\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb.png\" data-orig-size=\"2103,2104\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ryb\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-1024x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ryb-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" data-attachment-id=\"2456\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/rgblights\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"400,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"rgblights\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights.jpg 400w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgblights-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Additive<\/strong><br><strong>RGB<\/strong><br><strong>model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2459\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/rgb\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb.png\" data-orig-size=\"2101,2100\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"rgb\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-1024x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/rgb-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" data-attachment-id=\"2457\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/cmyfilters\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cmyfilters\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmyfilters-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Subtractive<\/strong><br><strong>CMY<\/strong><br><strong>model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2460\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/cmy\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy.png\" data-orig-size=\"2103,2104\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cmy\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-1024x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cmy-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Integrating_the_models_a_digital_color_wheel\"><\/span>Integrating the models: a digital color wheel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Note something very unexpected here: when we mix primaries of the <strong>additive<\/strong> model, they create secondary colors that are none other than the primaries for the subtractive model, and vice versa! Additive red and green mix to form yellow, green and blue making cyan, and blue and red create magenta. Subtractive cyan and magenta combine to make blue, magenta and yellow make red, and yellow and cyan generate green.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This reciprocity among the two models makes it easy to combine them into an integrated color wheel. Thus, when we shift our orientation from one color model to the other, we simply shift the identity of primary and secondary triads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In our new color wheel, observe sets of numbers that show you the mixture of values in the respective color models. For CMYK, these numbers are expressed as percentages of hue present. We express RGB values in increments from 0 (no illumination) to 255 (maximum illumination). These are typical of how monitors, televisions, and projectors process information. We can identify the third set of &#8220;numbers&#8221; as the <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hexadecimal_color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hexadecimal system<\/a><\/strong>. This encodes standard RGB values for use in web design. F,&nbsp;equivalent to 16 in base 10,&nbsp;is the highest value, and 0 is the lowest. Hexadecimal #FFFFFF is white; #000000 is black.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"2462\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/ch07_18\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18.png\" data-orig-size=\"2400,2400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ch07_18\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-1024x1024.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/ch07_18-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The integrated wheel gives us a standard set of hues that work in tactile color mixing as well as across computer applications. This wheel acts like the traditional wheel, but we need to reassess some traditional relationships. <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complementary_color\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Complementary colors<\/a><\/strong>, for example, are shifted (the complement for blue is yellow, not orange, for example).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With hues well-defined by modern optical science, we can use the new color wheel as the basis for one particularly useful color model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_color_wheel_to_color_space\"><\/span>From color wheel to color space<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One limitation of a color wheel is its ability to model&nbsp;<em>all<\/em>&nbsp;of the properties of color. As a flat plane, it has area, and can therefore show two variables. For example, one can create a wheel that shows all the hues as one variable, and the saturation level as another. Or, one can show hue and value&#8230; or saturation and value. But it&#8217;s impossible to show all 3 variables without turning to a 3 coordinate system. Imagine trying to describe 3D space while only using an XY coordinate system! It&#8217;s like trying to get a sense of a building&#8217;s spaces by only looking at the floor plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hence, we have developed color standards known as <strong>color spaces<\/strong>. One common cartesian-based, 3-coordinate color space uses RGB as values along the 3 axes and is computationally very useful, but the resulting <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RGB_color_space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RGB color space<\/a><\/strong> is extremely unintuitive and makes it difficult to visualize neutral gray tones in a graphic way (the gray values run along a diagonal bisector of the RGB color cube). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>HSV color space<\/strong> reorients the geometry of the RGB space to solve these perceptual deficiencies. How? It creates a <strong>radial<\/strong> coordinate space that maps well with the flat color wheel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_HSV_color_space\"><\/span>The HSV color space<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HSL_and_HSV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>HSV<\/strong><\/a> stands for <strong>H<\/strong>ue-<strong>S<\/strong>aturaton-<strong>V<\/strong>alue, as we&#8217;ve previously learned. In some applications (like Photoshop) this model is called <strong>HSB<\/strong>, where value is replaced with the synonym brightness. The HSV model creates a cylindrical &#8220;space&#8221; that we can conceptualize as containing all &#8220;possible&#8221; colors in the gamut. The cylinder is useful because we can recognize the color wheel as the hue values march around one set of radial coordinates. We can perceive saturation as most intense at the skin of the cylinder and desaturated at the center. Finally, we can see the grayscale of value from black at the bottom to white at the top. The brightness of pure color in the HSV model is equivalent to the brightness of white.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"2463\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/hsv_color_solid_cylinder\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HSV_color_solid_cylinder.png\" data-orig-size=\"800,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"HSV_color_solid_cylinder\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HSV_color_solid_cylinder.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HSV_color_solid_cylinder.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HSV_color_solid_cylinder.png 800w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HSV_color_solid_cylinder-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/HSV_color_solid_cylinder-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unpacking_the_HSV_cylinder\"><\/span>Unpacking the HSV cylinder<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The unwrapped &#8220;skin&#8221; of the cylinder describes the high saturation (S) of all hues (H) and values (V) together, with S values on a decimal scale from 0 (no color) to 1 (full color).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A horizontal section of the cylinder describes all hues and saturations present for a given value, here a middle value gray, with V quantified from 0 to 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A vertical section \u2014 like a cake sliced in half \u2014 describes all values and saturations for a given hue pole. In our example, a red-cyan pole demonstrates that red and cyan are complements in the integrated RGB-CMY color model. We describe H values as degrees, with 0 and 360 being red, 60 yellow, 120 green, 180 cyan, 240 blue, and 300 magenta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"388\" height=\"404\" data-attachment-id=\"2464\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/hsl-hsv_models_b-svg\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg.png\" data-orig-size=\"388,404\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg.png 388w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg-288x300.png 288w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Hsl-hsv_models_b.svg-300x312.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The HSV cylinder aspect used in color pickers such as we see in Photoshop, was specifically developed for computer applications, but it is very intuitive for artists and not difficult to understand once it is visualized as a &#8220;space.&#8221; In the Maya material color picker, you can change the selector from an RGB cube to an HSV cylinder at the lower right drop-down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\" data-attachment-id=\"2465\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/pshopcolor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor.png\" data-orig-size=\"1292,972\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"pshopcolor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor-1024x770.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor-1024x770.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor-1024x770.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor-768x578.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/pshopcolor.png 1292w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photoshop color picker: note the HSB values describe a pure red<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"350\" data-attachment-id=\"2466\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/mayacolor\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mayacolor.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"450,350\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"mayacolor\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mayacolor.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mayacolor.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mayacolor.jpg 450w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/mayacolor-300x233.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Maya color picker: note the HSV values describe a middle value gray<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_phenomenology_of_color\"><\/span>The phenomenology of color<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Color_and_the_illusion_of_space\"><\/span>Color and the illusion of space<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Warm_and_cool_push_and_pull\"><\/span>Warm and cool push and pull<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>We sometimes limit color as a purely graphic phenomenon, but as colors begin to interact, they suggest spatial relationships both actual and illusionistic. One way that color generates a sense of space is through the juxtaposition of warm and cool colors. Warm colors (based on magentas, reds, and yellows) tend to advance visually in most contexts, while cool ones (based on greens, cyans, and blues) tend to recede.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>In the graphic at right, yellow (HSV values 60-1-1) and blue (240-1-1) represent warm colors (those that visually advance) and cool colors (those that visually recede) at their most extreme, seen here on a neutral, middle-value gray (HSV = 0-0-0.5) field. Can you perceive the push and pull?&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"275\" data-attachment-id=\"2467\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/warmcool\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/warmcool.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,275\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"warmcool\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/warmcool.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/warmcool.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/warmcool.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/warmcool-300x165.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Phenomenal_transparency_and_layering\"><\/span>Phenomenal transparency and layering<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The color abstractions of Josef Albers present us with a sense of layered space through color interaction and an illusion of transparency fostered by color relationships. Here we see the first of three colors: in the smaller middle square is a high-saturation, lighter red (HSB values 359-99-62). Surrounding the red is a high-saturation, darker shade of orange (a.k.a. brown, HSB 13-96-34), and lastly, we see a high-saturation, middle-value cyan-blue (214-100-55). <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"496\" data-attachment-id=\"2468\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/albers_square\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,496\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"albers_square\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/albers_square-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Jose Albers, one of many Homage to the Square paintings that create phenomenal transparency<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As we observe, a strange phenomenon begins to take place: the brown, containing a high level of red, begins to associate with the top square, while at the same time, its darker value begins to associate with the cyan-blue. We start to see the cyan-blue as a transparent filter, laying on top of a red square sitting behind it, with a hole\u2014the smallest square\u2014opening to it. Albers makes three squares become two and makes one square feel like a hole. But he also makes the &#8220;advancing&#8221; warm color appear to sit&nbsp;<strong>behind<\/strong>&nbsp;the &#8220;receding&#8221; cool one. Even more astounding, he makes the dark orange (technically a warm color) feel like it contains cyan-blue&#8230; its complement! These are byproducts of color interaction and phenomenal transparency techniques, of which Albers was the acknowledged master.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Palettes\"><\/span>Palettes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many other color relationships generate a sense of pictorial space, but we can also use them to manipulate actual space in a 3D model. Among the many are these:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Monochrome_palette\"><\/span>Monochrome palette<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A monochrome palette uses tints, tones, and shades based on the same or nearly the same wavelength of light. These palettes tend to create a sense of color unity that binds and camouflages form, compresses space, and develops a psychological sense of relative stability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"324\" data-attachment-id=\"2470\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/nocturne-blue-and-silver-cremorne-lights-1872-by-james-abbott-mcneill-whistler-1834-1903\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/max-500x500_ITJ1wCI.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,324\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Nocturne: Blue and Silver - Cremorne Lights 1872 James Abbott McNeill Whistler 1834-1903 Bequeathed by Arthur Studd 1919 http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/work\/N03420&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Photo (c) Tate&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Nocturne: Blue and Silver - Cremorne Lights 1872 by James Abbott McNeill Whistler 1834-1903&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Nocturne: Blue and Silver &amp;#8211; Cremorne Lights 1872 by James Abbott McNeill Whistler 1834-1903\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Nocturne: Blue and Silver &amp;#8211; Cremorne Lights 1872 James Abbott McNeill Whistler 1834-1903 Bequeathed by Arthur Studd 1919 http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/work\/N03420&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/max-500x500_ITJ1wCI.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/max-500x500_ITJ1wCI.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2470\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/max-500x500_ITJ1wCI.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/max-500x500_ITJ1wCI-300x194.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>James Whistler, Nocturne: Blue and Silver &#8211; Cremorne Lights, 1872&#8230; a monochrome color palette based on shades of cyan<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analogous_palette\"><\/span>Analogous palette<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>An analogous palette uses hues adjacent to a dominant color to create variety, hierarchy, balance, focal points, and other visual phenomena. Analogous colors create a more distinct form but maintain a sense of spatial and pictorial unity since the colors on either side of the dominant color contain some aspect of it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" data-attachment-id=\"2473\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/cezanneprovence\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cezanneprovence.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,396\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cezanneprovence\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cezanneprovence.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cezanneprovence.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cezanneprovence.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/cezanneprovence-300x238.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Paul Cezanne, Houses in Provence, 1883&#8230; an analogous color scheme centered on green, with yellows and cyans<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Complementary_palette\"><\/span>Complementary palette<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A complementary palette creates stronger figure-ground relationships that tend to develop tense spatial depth through contrast. Interesting situations can develop with complementary palettes whereby a hot color rendered on a far-away object can tend to shoot forward in a cool environment, creating a strong sense of spatial tension and ambiguity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" data-attachment-id=\"2474\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/matissedanse\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/matissedanse.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,332\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"matissedanse\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/matissedanse.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/matissedanse.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/matissedanse.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/matissedanse-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Henri Matisse, La Danse (1), 1909&#8230; a complementary color palette: orange tint and a saturated blue-cyan<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Upending_hierarchies_and_balance_with_color\"><\/span>Upending hierarchies and balance with color<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the use of these various palettes establishes spatial relationships for the artist, we begin to better understand how form and color interact to manipulate visual phenomena in complex ways. Revisiting the illustration from our discussion of asymmetrical balance, we can perhaps better appreciate how the &#8220;rules&#8221; can be overturned by the perceptual changes color brings to the compositional mix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>At right, we balance a large object with a group of smaller ones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But on the left, a receding blue applied to the large object is balanced by visually advancing yellow applied to only <em>one<\/em> small object.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"431\" height=\"224\" data-attachment-id=\"2477\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/balance1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"431,224\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"balance1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance1.jpg 431w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance1-300x156.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>At right, we balance a large object at the center with a small object near the edge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But at left, this reverses when a highly saturated color is applied to a smaller central object, now balanced by a larger, lighter object at the edge<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"431\" height=\"224\" data-attachment-id=\"2478\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/balance2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"431,224\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"balance2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance2.jpg 431w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance2-300x156.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>At right, we balance a large simple object with a smaller complex object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But at left, color changes balance: on a green background, the complement red emphasizes a smaller, simpler object, now balanced by a larger, complex object rendered in green&#8217;s analogous color, blue<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"431\" height=\"224\" data-attachment-id=\"2479\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/balance3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance3.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"431,224\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"balance3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance3.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance3.jpg 431w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/balance3-300x156.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Color_creating_texture\"><\/span>Color creating texture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Like light and color, texture is an element of visual design. In concert with other elements, it is used to generate emphasis, contrast, rhythm, and the spectrum of other visual principles we&#8217;ve encountered. As a visual element in art, we appreciate texture in three overlapping categories: <strong>physical<\/strong> texture, <strong>visual<\/strong> texture, and <strong>implied<\/strong> texture.&nbsp;These can all be created through the use of contrasts in hue, saturation, and\/or value, tending toward smaller-scale mark-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physical_texture\"><\/span>Physical texture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A physical texture is tactile, one that can be felt as well as seen. Although it would get you in trouble with museum guards to touch a Van Gogh, you can imagine what the texture of his impasto painting technique would be like to &#8220;see&#8221; with your fingers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2431\" height=\"2431\" data-attachment-id=\"6308\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-9-expression-form-content-and-narrative\/vincent_van_gogh_-_self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2431,2431\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-1024x1024.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat.jpg 2431w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_grey_felt_hat-1536x1536.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2431px) 100vw, 2431px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Vincent Van Gogh, detail,&nbsp;Self-portrait with Felt Hat, 1888<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visual_texture\"><\/span>Visual texture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The brushwork of this Photo-Realist painter is physically smooth, yet Goings creates many textures the eye can &#8220;feel&#8221; ranging from the reflective smoothness of metal to the grittiness of pepper. The texture is an illusion:  we see it, but only by mentally referencing physical texture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"348\" data-attachment-id=\"2482\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/goings\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,348\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"goings\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings.jpg 500w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/goings-300x209.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ralph Goings, Five Spot Still Life, 1990<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Implied_texture\"><\/span>Implied texture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Riley uses line, repetition, and high contrast to create the visual conditions of texture in her abstract Op-Art work. The working visual definition of texture is present\u2014we see it as a texture quality, but not referencing physical texture in objective ways.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"944\" height=\"930\" data-attachment-id=\"7325\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/chapter-12-expressions-of-material\/riley-bridget-b-1931-cataract-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"944,930\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Artwork Copyright: the artist; P&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Riley, Bridget; Cataract 3; British Council Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/cataract-3-177152&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Copyright information and licence terms for this image can be found on the Art UK website at http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/17715&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Riley, Bridget, b.1931; Cataract 3&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Riley, Bridget, b.1931; Cataract 3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Riley, Bridget; Cataract 3; British Council Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/cataract-3-177152&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001.jpg 944w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001-300x296.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001-768x757.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/BCO_BCO_P996-001-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 944px) 100vw, 944px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Riley, Bridget; Cataract 3; British Council Collection; http:\/\/www.artuk.org\/artworks\/cataract-3-177152<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"For_more%E2%80%A6\"><\/span>For more&#8230;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Color is a fascinating topic, of which we&#8217;ve only been able to scratch the surface. If you wish to go in greater depth, visit David Briggs&#8217; comprehensive website&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.huevaluechroma.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Dimensions of Colour<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2D digital art 3 | mandala digital color One million colors Click on the image above and it will take you to a full resolution of an image that contains one million individual colors.&nbsp;When viewed at full resolution (1000 pixels wide and high), the image contains one million pixels. By changing values incrementally for red,&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2d-digital-art","category-references"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Digital color - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Digital color: combining RGB and CMY color models to create a unified digital color wheel, the hue basis for a preferred spatial model: HSV.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Digital color - newMediaWiki\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Digital color: combining RGB and CMY color models to create a unified digital color wheel, the hue basis for a preferred spatial model: HSV.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"newMediaWiki\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-08-10T15:06:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-17T02:52:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"williamCromar\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"williamCromar\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"22 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"williamCromar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3\"},\"headline\":\"Digital color\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-10T15:06:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-17T02:52:14+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":3332,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/campfire300.gif\",\"articleSection\":[\"2D digital art\",\"References\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/\",\"name\":\"Digital color - newMediaWiki\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/campfire300.gif\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-08-10T15:06:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-03-17T02:52:14+00:00\",\"description\":\"Digital color: combining RGB and CMY color models to create a unified digital color wheel, the hue basis for a preferred spatial model: HSV.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/campfire300.gif\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/campfire300.gif\",\"width\":300,\"height\":300},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/digital-color\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Digital color\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/\",\"name\":\"newMediaWiki\",\"description\":\"because all media are new\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3\",\"name\":\"williamCromar\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1\",\"width\":1754,\"height\":1754,\"caption\":\"williamCromar\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/williamcromar.com\\\/newmediawiki\\\/author\\\/williamcromar\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Digital color - newMediaWiki","description":"Digital color: combining RGB and CMY color models to create a unified digital color wheel, the hue basis for a preferred spatial model: HSV.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Digital color - newMediaWiki","og_description":"Digital color: combining RGB and CMY color models to create a unified digital color wheel, the hue basis for a preferred spatial model: HSV.","og_url":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/","og_site_name":"newMediaWiki","article_published_time":"2023-08-10T15:06:52+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-03-17T02:52:14+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"williamCromar","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"williamCromar","Est. reading time":"22 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/"},"author":{"name":"williamCromar","@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/#\/schema\/person\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3"},"headline":"Digital color","datePublished":"2023-08-10T15:06:52+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-17T02:52:14+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/"},"wordCount":3332,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/#\/schema\/person\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif","articleSection":["2D digital art","References"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/","url":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/","name":"Digital color - newMediaWiki","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif","datePublished":"2023-08-10T15:06:52+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-17T02:52:14+00:00","description":"Digital color: combining RGB and CMY color models to create a unified digital color wheel, the hue basis for a preferred spatial model: HSV.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif","contentUrl":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/campfire300.gif","width":300,"height":300},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/digital-color\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Digital color"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/#website","url":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/","name":"newMediaWiki","description":"because all media are new","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/#\/schema\/person\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/#\/schema\/person\/680114553d8ae86ba751ea5e0ea983e3","name":"williamCromar","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1","width":1754,"height":1754,"caption":"williamCromar"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2015_newmedia_logo.png?fit=1754%2C1754&ssl=1"},"url":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/author\/williamcromar\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2433"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2433\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8107,"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2433\/revisions\/8107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2433"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2433"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}