{"id":1526,"date":"2023-07-31T12:57:50","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T12:57:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/?p=1526"},"modified":"2025-08-06T01:02:39","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T01:02:39","slug":"topological-transformations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/","title":{"rendered":"Topological transformations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-white-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/fabbing\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"20\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/arthead_loopsm\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/arthead_loopsm.gif\" data-orig-size=\"300,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"arthead_loopsm\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/arthead_loopsm.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/arthead_loopsm.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/in-the-cloud\/\">Fabbing<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/2d-3d-line-to-plane\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"579\" height=\"579\" data-attachment-id=\"331\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/nmw\/fabbing\/linetoplane\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"579,579\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1282627376&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"lineToPlane\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-331\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane.jpg 579w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lineToPlane-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/2d-3d-line-to-plane\/\">2D-3D | line &gt; plane<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"324\" height=\"324\" data-attachment-id=\"2178\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/shoeicon\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon.png\" data-orig-size=\"324,324\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shoeicon\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2178\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:contain;width:120px;height:undefinedpx\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon.png 324w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/shoeicon-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><strong>topo transform<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/div>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f123620934a\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f123620934a\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Introduction_topological_transformations\" >Introduction: topological transformations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Reference_object\" >Reference object<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Select_the_right_kind_of_object\" >Select the right kind of object<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Choose_for_success\" >Choose for success<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Riskier_items\" >Riskier items<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Definitely_no\" >Definitely no!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Analyze_the_object\" >Analyze the object<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Concept\" >Concept<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Create_a_3-view_orthographic_drawing_of_the_object\" >Create a 3-view orthographic drawing of the object<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Object_with_near-symmetry_video_demonstration\" >Object with near-symmetry: video demonstration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Other_kinds_of_objects\" >Other kinds of objects<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Object_based_on_bilateral_symmetry\" >Object based on bilateral symmetry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Object_based_on_a_cylinder_primitive\" >Object based on a cylinder primitive<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Object_based_on_combined_bodies\" >Object based on combined bodies<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Digitize_the_drawing\" >Digitize the drawing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Iteration\" >Iteration<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Hello_Fusion_360\" >Hello Fusion 360<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Import_orthographic_views\" >Import orthographic views<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#The_process_of_modeling\" >The process of modeling<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Saving_historical_states\" >Saving historical states<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Video_demonstrations\" >Video demonstrations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Part_1_beginners\" >Part 1: beginners<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Part_2_advanced_modelers\" >Part 2: advanced modelers<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Synthesis\" >Synthesis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#To_the_Slicer_layers_or_egg-crates\" >To the Slicer:  layers or egg-crates<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Material_thickness\" >Material thickness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Generate_layout_vectors\" >Generate layout vectors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Optimize_the_PDF_in_Illustrator\" >Optimize the PDF in Illustrator<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Video_demonstration\" >Video demonstration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/#Next_Fabrication\" >Next: Fabrication<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#eeeeee\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2018_shoe.zip\">Download demo file here<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_topological_transformations\"><\/span>Introduction: topological transformations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>The goal of this work is to generate a topologically transformed object of your choice. The transformation occurs when we intersect the object with a series of stacking slicing layers or a modulated egg-crate system. Where the surface of the object mass intersects with such a system, it implies the form of the original object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The transformation also implies a change of material: wood, acrylic, cardboard or some other flat sheet good suddenly takes on a dynamic, three-dimensional quality that is as beautiful as it is counterintuitive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/c02-q5f5fk.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1388\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reference_object\"><\/span><strong>Reference object<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Select_the_right_kind_of_object\"><\/span>Select the right kind of object<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Your first task is to select an object from which to develop orthogonal reference planes. The criteria for the object:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Asymmetrical<\/strong>  |&nbsp; Near-symmetry but with a clear datum (axis for near-symmetry, horizontal plane). Bilateral symmetry is allowed, but radial symmetry is prohibited. For example, if choosing a vessel, teapots or spray bottles <strong>yes<\/strong>, wine glasses or round bottles <strong>no<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Volume<\/strong>  |&nbsp; Object can contain an opening, but should primarily be volumetric. For example, if choosing a shoe,&nbsp;<strong>no<\/strong>&nbsp;sandals or open toes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scale<\/strong>  |&nbsp; You should be able to conveniently carry and measure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Analyze-ability<\/strong>  |&nbsp; You should be willing to make marks or apply masking tape to the object for the purposes of analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#c8fac8\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><strong>YES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#c8fac8\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-duotone-000000-00000000-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"930\" height=\"930\" data-attachment-id=\"1537\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/shoes_yes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"930,930\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shoes_yes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1537\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes.jpg 930w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoes_yes-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-duotone-000000-00000000-2\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"597\" data-attachment-id=\"1538\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/container_yes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"597,597\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"container_yes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes.jpg 597w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_yes-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fac8c8\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\"><strong>NO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#fac8c8\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-duotone-000000-00000000-3\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"738\" data-attachment-id=\"1539\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/shoe_no\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"738,738\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shoe_no\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no.jpg 738w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_no-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-duotone-000000-00000000-4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"877\" height=\"877\" data-attachment-id=\"1540\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/container_no\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"877,877\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"container_no\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no.jpg 877w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/container_no-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Choose_for_success\"><\/span>Choose for success<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Popular items that work well but are not illustrated here include:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SLR cameras<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ergonomic computer mouse (interesting curves and near-symmetry, similar to a shoe)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Game controllers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sea shells (like a conch shell, not like a clam shell)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Small, semi-rigid tote bags (like a small Coach-style shoulder bag the size of a shoe, not like a big, floppy purse)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Riskier_items\"><\/span>Riskier items<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Gray area \u2014 items that could make the cut but have issues:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Non-proprietary figurines (if no one owns the IP, it&#8217;s OK\u2014but it could be too detailed or too small)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baseball caps (must be stabilized by adding a fill material like tissue paper, and the bill must be artificially thickened)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Beats headphones (must be artificially &#8220;thickened&#8221; at the headband)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jewelry (must be a crazy large brooch, can&#8217;t be a tiny earring or a floppy necklace\u2014could also have too much detail)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kitchen utensils (often too large or small, often too flat\u2014though one of our best models ever was a gravy boat done by an advanced modeler!)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stuffed animals (Too furry and floppy most times, but if semi-rigid, it&#8217;s a possibility for an advanced modeler. Sometimes issues with IP.)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definitely_no\"><\/span>Definitely no!<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Other items that have been rejected (and why):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Proprietary figurines, action figures, or stuffed animals (Bipeds and quadrupeds are often too detailed, must have advanced modeling knowledge. And you don&#8217;t own the IP on Iron Man or Buzz Lightyear!)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Book bags (floppy, too large)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motorcycle helmets (too large)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Airpods (too small)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Key rings (unstable, often too small and too detailed)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Puppies or kittens (too squirmy\u2014not a joke, someone actually asked!)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Staplers, pens, other office supplies (generally not volumetric or interesting enough)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phones, laptops, external drives (Boring. Flat. Did I say boring? And flat.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ID cards, paper money, coins (You&#8217;re kidding, right? Yes, someone actually asked. See comment above.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hopefully, this gives you enough guidance to select an object that is interesting to you!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analyze_the_object\"><\/span>Analyze the object<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Recall&nbsp;<strong>hidden geometries<\/strong>&nbsp;such as the concept of <strong>datum<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In a sketchbook or other visual analysis tool, establish a datum or data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ground plane \u2014 how an object sits on a table or the ground \u2014 is a datum.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An axis (or axes) of symmetry is a datum (or data).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The length of an object measured starting from one side? That starting point is a datum (example: place a shoe with the heel up against a wall \u2014&nbsp; that wall is a datum).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carefully decide where these significant points of origin should be for your object. In the next project step, we will use them to draw the object.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Download and print some graph paper at left. If you are taking a studio I teach, we have graph paper available at the Abington MakerSpace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/quarter-inch_graph.pdf\" style=\"background-color:#bbbbbb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>If working in inches, download \u00bc inch graph paper here<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/5mm_graph.pdf\" style=\"background-color:#bbbbbb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>If working in metric, download 5 mm graph paper here<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/print-graph-paper.com\/\" style=\"background-color:#bbbbbb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Need something else? <\/strong><br><strong>Go here<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concept\"><\/span>Concept<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Create_a_3-view_orthographic_drawing_of_the_object\"><\/span>Create a 3-view orthographic drawing of the object<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Using our analysis above, we will develop a 3-view-based orthographic projection of your object using a pencil on graph paper. Here, we can see a 3-view drawing of the top, side, and front view of a shoe. What is the datum (or if more than one, data?) What appears to be the unit of measure module creating station points?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"663\" data-attachment-id=\"1556\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/shoe_final-01\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01.png\" data-orig-size=\"5100,3300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shoe_final-01\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-1024x663.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-1024x663.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-1024x663.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-1536x994.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shoe_final-01-2048x1325.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Object_with_near-symmetry_video_demonstration\"><\/span>Object with near-symmetry: video demonstration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Creating this orthographic drawing can be hard. Here, we have a demonstration of the setup for the ortho drawing of the shoe. This is a detailed video demonstration lasting about 50 minutes. I have kept this demo at real-time length; expect your ortho drawings to take about the same time as this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ortho shoe\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kiv0O_WhK6A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If you need to go back and review a particular step in the process, please reference the timestamp links below. These will open in the Youtube site, so don&#8217;t concurrently play the video above if you use the links:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=0s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">00:00<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Introduction and description of tools<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=183s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">03:03<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014&nbsp;Preparation of sample objects to draw<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=325s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">05:25<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Preparation of paper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=613s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10:13<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Establishing datum elements and station points on object<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=1117s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18:37<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Organizing ortho views on paper<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=1190s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19:50<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Drawing the top view<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=1998s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">33:18<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Drawing the side view<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=2444s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">40:44<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Establishing the 45 degree mirror projection line and drawing the front view<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=kiv0O_WhK6A&amp;t=2837s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">47:17<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Drawing internal detail<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_kinds_of_objects\"><\/span>Other kinds of objects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Your object may exhibit different properties than the demonstration, and this may suggest alternatives to the workflow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Object_based_on_bilateral_symmetry\"><\/span>Object based on bilateral symmetry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Unlike the shoe, which has near-symmetry, your bike seat tutorial is an object that contains pure <strong>bilateral symmetry<\/strong>. When drawing such objects, however, finding the datum for various views will be identical to the shoe: a centerline and edge for the top view, a ground plane and edge for the side, and ground plane and centerline for the front.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"1560\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/bike_seat_2023-jul-31_09-48-19am-000_customizedview33150817208\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208.png\" data-orig-size=\"2286,1286\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-1024x576.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Bike_seat_2023-Jul-31_09-48-19AM-000_CustomizedView33150817208-2048x1152.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mypsu5858.autodesk360.com\/shares\/public\/SH286ddQT78850c0d8a46e20c5991ba70379?mode=embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\"  frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Object_based_on_a_cylinder_primitive\"><\/span>Object based on a cylinder primitive<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Like the bike seat, this coffee cup model has bilateral symmetry, but it&#8217;s also based on a cylindrical primitive. If part of your object is based on rotational symmetry or has no obvious edge, it will contain two centerlines to find the axis of rotation. The datum for the various views would be: two centerlines for the top view and a centerline and ground plane for the side and front views.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"1562\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/cup_2023-jul-31_10-05-37am-000_customizedview20780325112\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112.png\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1440\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-1024x576.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/cup_2023-Jul-31_10-05-37AM-000_CustomizedView20780325112-2048x1152.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mypsu5858.autodesk360.com\/shares\/public\/SH286ddQT78850c0d8a4a0c096006abfdfc3?mode=embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\"  frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Object_based_on_combined_bodies\"><\/span>Object based on combined bodies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>Like the cup, this tea pot can be based on a cylindrical primitive. It also contains a handle like the cup. In addition, it has a lid and a spout. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of trying to tease the handle, spout, and lid out of a single body, you can use a <strong>Combine <\/strong>to make one body out of multiple bodies. Recall the hole in the bike seat exercise: instead of subtracting, we would use the <strong>Combine<\/strong> function to <strong>Join<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you draw an object that looks like it would be easier to model this way, try to visualize the different bodies in the drawing. For this pot, I might draw how the lid, spout, and handle might intersect the main body of the pot, each as their own object. How much overlap should you create to make an effective Combine?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-attachment-id=\"1564\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/utah_teapot_2023-jul-31_10-19-39am-000_customizedview27535590786\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786.png\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1440\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-1024x576.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/utah_teapot_2023-Jul-31_10-19-39AM-000_CustomizedView27535590786-2048x1152.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/mypsu5858.autodesk360.com\/shares\/public\/SH286ddQT78850c0d8a474871c6b809f76cf?mode=embed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"480\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\"  frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Digitize_the_drawing\"><\/span>Digitize the drawing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After you&#8217;ve completed your drawing, use a good-quality flatbed scanner to digitize it. You may have your own scanner at home, but if not, you may use the flatbed scanner available in MakerSpace, either during class, or by making an appointment for an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.psu.edu\/abingtonmakerspace\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">open Workshop Space<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After saving your 3-view scan as a .jpg or .png file, break it up into separate drawings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Duplicate the digital file until you have as many copies as there are views&#8230; 2 or 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Open one file in a simple image editing program like Preview in Mac, and locate the top or front view.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drag a marquee to isolate the drawing, and crop it. In Preview for Mac, use Command+K to crop. Name the file after the view on save as .jpg or .png.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Repeat the process for the remaining view(s).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Use these digitized sketches to fulfill the Concept phase of the project.<\/em><\/strong> Post them in your process journal or blog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Iteration\"><\/span>Iteration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hello_Fusion_360\"><\/span>Hello Fusion 360<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Import_orthographic_views\"><\/span>Import orthographic views<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The individual view images can now be brought into Fusion 360 as reference planes as Canvases, such as you learned about in the LInkedIn Learning bike seat tutorial. As you are working in your new file, remember:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> Set your units to the preferred type (inches or millimeters) under Document Settings in the Browser. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orient the drawings by importing them to the correct plane.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calibrate the drawings so they have the right relationship to the units.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Move the drawings into the correct location based on the datum of the various views.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And, be analytical: chances are you only need two out of the three drawn views to model. Which ones will work best for you?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"611\" data-attachment-id=\"1567\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6-52-09-am\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM.png\" data-orig-size=\"2546,1520\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-1024x611.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-1024x611.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-1024x611.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-768x459.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-1536x917.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-6.52.09-AM-2048x1223.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_process_of_modeling\"><\/span>The process of modeling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Use knowledge gained in the bike seat tutorial work to model your object. Try not to over-model: this is a surface model, and minor changes in material in the surface will not be seen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>RESOLUTION OF MODEL<\/strong>  |  Remember the end game is a volumetric description of the mass of the object, to be cut out in layers or an egg-crate in a fairly thick material. A good rule of thumb to evaluate whether a detail is worth modeling: is it smaller than the thickness of your material stock? That thickness determines the resolution of the model. With cardboard, that&#8217;s about <sup>3<\/sup>\/<sub>16<\/sub> inch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>OPENINGS TO INTERIOR SPACES<\/strong>  |  What if your object has an opening to an interior space? The trick here is to&nbsp;<strong>imply<\/strong>&nbsp;the interior without actually modeling it. Create an <strong>indentation<\/strong> at the opening of about a quarter to a half inch, allowing the lip of the opening to be articulated but keeping enough mass in the model otherwise. If necessary, exaggerate the thickness of the lip material so that it can be rendered in your material. A good rule of thumb is to make this lip at least as thick as the material stock.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>WHAT TO KEEP?<\/strong>  |  Another funky issue arises when encountering details like straps on a handbag, shoelaces, or other flimsy forms. Avoid any outright floppy or highly changeable form: if the strap or lace moves around too much, don&#8217;t include it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Saving_historical_states\"><\/span>Saving historical states<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Saving historical states of the project is a fundamental habit of digital discipline. What do we mean by historical states? Simply that we save the model to a significant general level of completion, copy the file, and then continue working with the new copy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are several important advantages to saving historical states:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If you don&#8217;t like where your model is going, you don&#8217;t have to start completely over. Just go back to the last satisfactory historic state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If you want to document iterations of modeling, there&#8217;s no better way than having states of the model that directly reflect your process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If you run out of time, you have something that is presentable at a general level of completion based on the level of detail you reached at the last historical state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In my shoe sample, you can see the historical states listed in the data panel:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"611\" data-attachment-id=\"1570\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7-18-21-am\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM.png\" data-orig-size=\"3584,2140\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-1024x611.png\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-1024x611.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-1024x611.png 1024w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-768x459.png 768w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-1536x917.png 1536w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Screenshot-2023-07-31-at-7.18.21-AM-2048x1223.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Each one of those states represents a significant stage of the process: placing the Canvases, modeling the primitive, solving the top view, solving the side view, etc. Those stages are detailed in a pair of video demonstrations below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Video_demonstrations\"><\/span>Video demonstrations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These videos are a real-time documentation of the modeling of my sample shoe. Don&#8217;t be intimidated by it: work to the level of detail that is appropriate for your level of modeling experience. You can see it&#8217;s taking me about 90 minutes overall to make this model. If it&#8217;s taking you longer, that&#8217;s OK. However, your model should not exceed 3 hours of effort. We&#8217;ll discuss this more under <strong>Synthesis<\/strong> below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_1_beginners\"><\/span>Part 1: beginners<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>If you are a beginning modeler, aim for this level of detail.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part 1 shows how to import and calibrate ortho drawings, model the top profile, model the side profile, and develop a smooth curvature between the two ortho views.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Shoe model in Fusion 360 Part 1\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q6JIYMBdhSM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Timestamps for steps in the process are below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=0s\">00:00<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Introduction and description<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=100s\">01:40<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Inserting, calibrating, and moving Canvas reference images<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=290s\">04:50<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Creating and positioning the body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=422s\">07:02<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Profiling the top with symmetry, selection sets, scaling faces, and moving edges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=865s\">14:25<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Working with Soft Modification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=1124s\">18:44<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Profiling the side<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=1819s\">30:19<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Resolving ortho views with curvature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q6JIYMBdhSM&amp;t=2367s\">39:27<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Next steps for part 2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_2_advanced_modelers\"><\/span>Part 2: advanced modelers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em><strong><em>If you are an advanced modeler, aim for this level of detail.<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part 2 shows detail using adding edges, making creases, and creating the inference of a hole, then finishes off by showing how to distort symmetry into a true shoe shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Shoe Model in Fusion 360 Part 2\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AAPNt7fkna0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Timestamps for steps in the process are below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=0s\">00:00<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Introduction and description<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=91s\">01:31<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Overview of creases, adding edges, bevels, and deformations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=245s\">04:05<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Adjusting edges to receive a crease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=945s\">15:45<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Creating and scaling a crease<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=1142s\">19:02<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Adding edges to develop more geometry for detail<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=1283s\">21:23<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Emulating a hole in an object<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=1320s\">22:00<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Deforming to create the undercut<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=1921s\">32:01<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Applying a fillet in solid modeling space to soften a corner<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAPNt7fkna0&amp;t=2042s\">34:02<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Deformation for overall asymmetry with large Soft Modifications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Use the historical states of your model to fulfill the Iteration phase of the project.<\/em><\/strong> Post them in your process journal or blog. If you need assistance with embedding the models, visit <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/embeds\/\">Embeds<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synthesis\"><\/span>Synthesis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When you are satisfied with the level of your model, bring it into the Slicer add-on you practiced in the exercise. If you have run into difficulty completing a model to your satisfaction, be mindful of a couple of things:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Completion is better than perfection<\/strong>  |  It is very easy to go down the perfectionist rabbit hole when 3D modeling. Don&#8217;t! Remember your material stock is a very low resolution corrugated cardboard and you can waste time on perfecting details no one will ever see. The product is not the model: it&#8217;s the fabricated object!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Something is better than nothing<\/strong>  |  Since your model is an abstraction of an object, and not the object itself, a selective level of detail can be a feature, not a bug. What level of detail expresses the essence of the object to you? That&#8217;s really your focus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>What happens if I miss the boat?<\/strong>  |  You&#8217;ve created the bike seat model: use that if the project model turns out to be a failure. Don&#8217;t toss out your failures! The are part of the process. Use them in your process journal or blog, and reflect on how you pivot to an alternative when things don&#8217;t go as planned.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"To_the_Slicer_layers_or_egg-crates\"><\/span>To the Slicer:  layers or egg-crates<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Choose whichever style of slice makes the most sense for your project, but be aware of the number of sheets it creates. We&#8217;ll determine the number of sheets allowed per class based on enrollment, but this will always be a variable to limiting tooling time. If there are too many sheets based on that standard, change slicing style and\/or scale the object. The typical limit in one of our studios at school is 2 sheets of 11 X 19 corrugated cardboard.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Material_thickness\"><\/span>Material thickness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Use a digital caliper, such as we have available in the Abington MakerSpace, to find the thickness of your material BEFORE you slice. Take a measurement in three different places on the material: you&#8217;ll be surprised that there may be as much as a 10% difference in thickness on one piece of stock! This is normal. Use the average of the three thicknesses, or just take the middle value of the three if they are close.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Generate_layout_vectors\"><\/span>Generate layout vectors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Slicer creates a PDF for your vectors, as you did with your exercise. Below see an example of the PDF exported from Slicer, generated from the sample shoe project below. This project is an example of a stacked layer configuration. Based on the size of the model, material thickness, angle of slice, and format of material sheet, Slicer will auto-generate an optimized layout of vectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"843\" data-attachment-id=\"1498\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/sculpt-and-slice\/2018_shoe_stack1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"546,843\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018_shoe_stack1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack1.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack1.jpg 546w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack1-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack1-300x463.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>The PDF in the sample is a 2 page file<\/em>&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"546\" height=\"843\" data-attachment-id=\"1577\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/2018_shoe_stack2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"546,843\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"2018_shoe_stack2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack2.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1577\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack2.jpg 546w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack2-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack2-300x463.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>&#8230; <em>corresponding to the 2 sheets generated by Slicer<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file aligncenter\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:400px\" aria-label=\"Embed of 2018_shoe_stack.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-cc9b4aec-829f-41c6-87aa-91ac317c8582\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack.pdf\">2018_shoe_stack<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2018_shoe_stack.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-cc9b4aec-829f-41c6-87aa-91ac317c8582\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Optimize_the_PDF_in_Illustrator\"><\/span>Optimize the PDF in Illustrator<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The numbers Slicer generates are vector objects, not text. They are far too large and intrusive, increasing laser time and leaving unsightly engraving marks. You need to move them to a new layer, which can be turned off in the laser interface so they don&#8217;t get cut. This can be done in Illustrator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But this is not so easy! The PDF that Slicer creates is wonky, filled with linked files, groups, and clipping mask objects. Thanks, Autodesk. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Those unnecessary artifacts must be disabled before you can isolate the red vector objects. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Video_demonstration\"><\/span>Video demonstration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Shoe Model Fusion to Slicer to PDF\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vVQGDpJoSfQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>This video shows you how to go through the Slicer step-by-step, and also shows you how to optimize the PDF in Illustrator. Time stamps for reference:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=0s\">00:00<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Introduction and description<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=40s\">00:40<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Fusion model to Slicer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=122s\">02:02<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Creating custom sheet size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=301s\">05:01<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Creating stacked slices<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=354s\">05:54<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Scaling stacked object sized for two sheet output<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=443s\">07:23<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Model issue detection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=506s\">08:26<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Creating dowel registration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=665s\">11:05<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Creating PDF<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=735s\">12:15<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Open PDF and embed objects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=849s\">14:09<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Release and ungroup clipping mask<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=935s\">15:35<\/a>&nbsp;\u2014 Applying stroke width to blue vector cut lines<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vVQGDpJoSfQ&amp;t=1064s\">17:44<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 Isolating red stroke objects on new layer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Use the fabrication-ready file of your sliced model to fulfill the Synthesis phase of the project.<\/em><\/strong> Post the PDF link in your process journal or blog, and export a .jpg or .png to illustrate it as an embedded image. If you need assistance, visit <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/embeds\/\">Embeds<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Next_Fabrication\"><\/span>Next: Fabrication<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The laser engraver does two things: it can cut through material, and it can etch a surface. To take advantage of both of these ways of working we&#8217;ll bring two files to the machine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The file you created in the Logo etch exercise will engrave a rubber stamp.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The file you created here will cut cardboard into 2D model pieces that you can assemble into a 3D object.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The laser is by far the most dangerous machine in the shop, but you will be trained to operate it safely!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"1583\" 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data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1583\" style=\"width:200px;height:300px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" data-attachment-id=\"1583\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2.gif\" data-orig-size=\"400,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/animated-fire-gif-transparent-background-2.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1583\" style=\"width:200px;height:300px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fabbing 2D-3D | line &gt; plane topo transform Download demo file here Introduction: topological transformations The goal of this work is to generate a topologically transformed object of your choice. The transformation occurs when we intersect the object with a series of stacking slicing layers or a modulated egg-crate system. Where the surface of the&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/\">read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-artwork","category-fabbing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Topological transformations - newMediaWiki<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Topological transformation happens when you intersect an object with a modular slicing system, cutting those slices in a new material.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/williamcromar.com\/newmediawiki\/topological-transformations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Topological transformations - 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